Feedback of Mixing to ENSO Phase Change
Abstract
A decade‐long time series of mixing in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue at 0°, 140°W reveals how mixing changes on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) time scales. Separated into phase transitions to and from the neutral state, we find that mixing is most intense during the perturbation from the neutral state to peak La Niña when sea surface temperature cools and weakest during the perturbation from the neutral state to peak El Niño when sea surface temperature warms. Intermediate levels of mixing occur during relaxations back to the neutral state. Heating and cooling rates due to the divergence of turbulence heat flux across the mixed layer, where the net surface heat flux is the value of the turbulence heat flux at the sea surface, have the same amplitude and sign as sea surface heating and cooling rates during ENSO phase transitions. We suggest that the basic Bjerknes feedback must include mixing.
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Data from χpods at 140°W has shown how the DC varies with the ENSO cycle and is a fundamental part of the underlying Bjerknes feedback that governs transitions between ENSO phase states.
“Data from the χpods at 140 • W has shown how the DC varies with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and is a fundamental part of the underlying Bjerknes feedback (Warner & Moum, 2019) that governs transitions between ENSO phase states.”
From Deep Cycle Turbulence in Atlantic and Pacific Cold Tongues (2022) · cites this paper as Warner & Moum, 2019
Cites
The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set.
Large, W. G., & Yeager, S. G. (2009) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3 · Cited by 1,636 · see citing works
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Deep Cycle Turbulence in Atlantic and Pacific Cold Tongues
Moum, J. N., Hughes, K. G., Shroyer, E. L., Smyth, W. D., Cherian, D., Warner, S. J., Bourlès, B., Brandt, P., & Dengler, M. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl097345 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Data from the χpods at 140°W has shown how the DC varies with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and is a fundamental part of the underlying Bjerknes feedback (Warner & Moum, 2019) that governs transitions between ENSO phase states.”
MethodSelf-citation
- Authors
- Warner, S. J., & Moum, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Warner, Sally J.
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2019-12-06
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 13920-13927
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2990932811
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Geophysical Research Letters (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1256620,1431518)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Keywords
- ENSO, ocean mixing, Bjerknes feedback, La Niña, El Niño, sea surface temperature, mixed layer, ocean-atmosphere interaction, phase transitions
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