Initiation of intracontinental subduction in the Himalaya

Abstract

Independent arguments based on topographic stress and crustal strength give upper limits of 200 bars and 300 bars, respectively, for the average shear stress on the intracontinental thrust fault that formed the Himalaya. According to either a one‐dimensional or a two‐dimensional fault model, such stresses could not have produced the Himalayan granites by friction, unless overthrusting velocity exceeded 30 cm/yr. More probably, Himalayan metamorphism was caused by exposure of continental crust to hot asthenosphere prior to the formation of the intracontinental thrust. Crust was exposed by peeling away of Indian subcrustal lithosphere in response to the force and moment exerted by the Tethyan slab. This detachment of buoyant crust from dense lithosphere better explains the metamorphic pattern and also explains why the distributed crustal shortening at the beginning of the collision orogeny was replaced by localized thrusting or intracontinental subduction.