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The effect of short‐term strength training on human skeletal muscle: the importance of physiologically elevated hormone levels
Abstract
The effect of strength training and endogenously elevated hormone levels (plasma testosterone, growth hormone (GH) and cortisol) was studied in 16 young untrained males, divided into an arm only training group, A, and a leg plus arm training group, LA, in order to increase circulating levels of anabolic hormones. Both groups performed the same one‐sided arm training for 9 weeks, twice a week. Group A trained only one arm (AT), the contralateral arm serving as control (AC), whereas group LA additionally trained their legs following the training of the one arm (LAT), with the contralateral arm serving as control (LAC). In spite of the attempt to match the two groups, the initial isometric arm strength was 20–25% lower for group LA compared to group A (significant for the arm to be trained). Isometric strength increased significantly in LAT and LAC by 37% and 10%, respectively, while the 9% and 2% increases in AT and AC, respectively, remained insignificant. Isokinetic strength increased at one out of three velocities tested for the trained arm relative to the untrained arm in both group A and group LA (P<0.05). Functional strength increased significantly by 20% in LAT, 18% in LAC, 19% in AT, and 17% in AC. Hormonal responses were monitored during the first and last training sessions. Resting hormone levels remained unchanged for both groups. However, during the first training session plasma testosterone as well as plasma cortisol increased significantly in group LA but not in group A. Plasma GH rose in all exercise tests, except during the last test in group LA, but was significantly higher in group LA than in group A in the first training session. In conclusion, a larger relative increase in isometric strength was found in the group having the highest hormonal response. However, due to the initial difference in isometric strength caution must be taken with the interpretation of this finding, which may only indicate a possible link between anabolic hormones and muscle strength with training.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hansen, S., Kvorning, T., Kjær, M., & Sjøgaard, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Sjøgaard, G.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 347-354
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- OpenAlex
- W2155936654
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- resistance training, skeletal muscle strength, testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, anabolic hormones, isometric strength, isokinetic strength, functional strength, leg training, hormonal response to exercise
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Muscle Contraction, Time Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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