The DOI matches its Crossref record; 197 of the 197 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity.
Abstract
The existing evidence paints an unclear picture of whether an association exists between depression and memory impairment. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether depression is associated with memory impairment, whether moderator variables determine the extent of this association, and whether any obtained association is unique to depression. Meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize data from 99 studies on recall and 48 studies on recognition in clinically depressed and nondepressed samples. Associations between memory impairment and other psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, dementia) were also examined. A significant, stable association between depression and memory impairment was revealed. Further analyses indicated, however, that it is likely that depression is linked to particular aspects of memory, the linkage is found in particular subsets of depressed individuals, and memory impairment is not unique to depression.
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In the citing paper
“Distressed (depressed or anxious) individuals have attentional and memory biases toward negative stimuli and away from positive stimuli (Burt et al., 1995; Mathews and MacLeod, 2005; Kellough et al., 2008; Disner et al., 2011).”
From Mindfulness Training Alters Emotional Memory Recall Compared to Active Controls: Support for an Emotional Information Processing Model of Mindfulness (2012) · cites this paper as Burt et al., 1995
In the citing paper
“In one study (Burt et al, 1995), patients with depression performed approximately one-half of SD worse than healthy subjects on verbal learning and memory tests.”
From A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Active-Reference, Double-Blind, Flexible-Dose Study of the Efficacy of Vortioxetine on Cognitive Function in Major Depressive Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Burt et al, 1995
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Cognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305 · Cited by 2,420
“In addition, there is a large literature that strongly suggests that depressed individuals are characterized by memory impairments (see Burt et al. 1995, Mathews & MacLeod 2005).”
BackgroundCognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002535 · Cited by 2,161
Glucocorticoids and Hippocampal Atrophy in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Sapolsky, R. M. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.925 · Cited by 2,016
Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Major Depression
Bremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Anderson, E. R., Staib, L. H., Miller, H. L., & Charney, D. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.115 · Cited by 1,670
Knopman, D. S., DeKosky, S. T., Cummings, J. L., Chui, H., Corey–Bloom, J., Relkin, N., Small, G. W., Miller, B., & Stevens, J. C. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1143 · Cited by 1,410
Metadata
- Authors
- Burt, D. B., Zembar, M. J., & Niederehe, G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 285-305
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2013893908
- Cited by
- 903
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh018392-04, 1r03mh043577-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH18392, MH43577)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- depression, memory impairment, memory retrieval, recognition memory, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, psychiatric comorbidity, moderators
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Dementia, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.285
- The paper
- Burt, D. B., Zembar, M. J., & Niederehe, G. (1995). Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.285
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
