The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior.
Abstract
Two issues that complicate behavioral genetic analyses are the interaction and correlation between genetic and environmental influences. In this report, the effects of genotype-envi ronment interaction and correlation on behavioral genetic studies (twin and adoption studies) are examined. The analysis suggests that genotype-environment interaction may bias twin study estimates of genetic and environmental influence, but need not affect adoption studies. On the other hand, genotype-environment correlation may affect both twin and adoption study estimates of genetic and environmental influence, the direction of the effect depending on the sign of the correlation. Finally, new tests of genotypeenvironment interaction and correlation, using adoption data, are proposed.
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“Another important consideration is that individuals may shape their environments or elicit certain types of responses or stimuli in their environment, resulting in gene–environment correlation (rGE)”
From Gene–environment interactions: early life stress and risk for depressive and anxiety disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Plomin et al. 1977
Citations
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Sorted by citations
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Stanovich, K. E. (1986) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1598/rrq.21.4.1 · Cited by 5,222
Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J., et al. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 · Cited by 2,913
Self-citationHow People Make Their Own Environments: A Theory of Genotype Environment Effects
Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03884.x · Cited by 2,895
Gershoff, E. T. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539 · Cited by 2,165
Metadata
- Authors
- Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & Loehlin, J. C.
- ORCID
- Plomin, Robert
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1977
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 309-322
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2097074714
- Cited by
- 1,685
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 4.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- gene-environment interaction, genotype-environment correlation, twin studies, adoption studies, heritability estimation, genetic factors, environmental influences
- MeSH terms
- Adoption, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Genetics, Behavioral, Genotype, Humans, Pregnancy, Social Environment, Twins
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0033-2909.84.2.309
- The paper
- Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & Loehlin, J. C. (1977). Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.2.309
