Contingencies of self-worth.

Self-esteem should be considered as both trait and state.

“Several researchers argue that self-esteem should be considered as trait and state (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001;Trzesniewski et al., 2003).”

Self-esteem is thought to wax and wane with one's subjective experience of success and failure in life.

“Self-esteem is thought to wax and wane with one's subjective experience of success and failure in life (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001;Hogan & Roberts, 2004).”

Self-esteem is responsive to experiences in domains in which people have staked their self-worth.

“Self-esteem is considered to be responsive to experiences in domains in which people have staked their self-worth (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001).”

Both acceptance and competence are sources of self-esteem.

“Several scholars consider both acceptance and competence to be sources of self-esteem (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001;Harter, 2012;Howell et al., 2019;Tafarodi & Swann, 2001; for evidence, see Mahadevan et al., 2019).”

Social connectedness forms a platform for self-esteem and gives rise to it.

“Social connectedness forms a platform for self-esteem and gives rise to it.”

Several theories concur that self-esteem at least partly originates from social connectedness.

“Several theories concur that self-esteem at least partly originates from social connectedness.These are attachment theory (Bowlby, 1982), contingencies of self-worth (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001), sociometer theory (Leary, 2005), and terror-management theory (Pyszczynski, Greenberg, Solomon, Arndt, & Schimel, 2004).”

Social connectedness nurtures self-esteem.

“our findings were consistent with prior theory and evidence that social connectedness nurtures self-esteem (Bowlby, 1982;Crocker & Wolfe, 2001;Leary, 2005;Pyszczynski et al., 2004), which in turn augments inspiration (Thrash & Elliot, 2003).”