Aging and depression.

Abstract

The assumption that aging is associated with an increased risk of depression is a recurring theme in the gerontological literature. Yet empirical studies that have investigated the relation between aging and depression do not show consistent support for this assumption or hypothesis. Indeed, some investigators contend that the thrust of empirical evidence favors a view of elderly persons as relatively immune from depression, at least in contrast to their younger adult counterparts. The present article examines the empirical basis for these disparate claims in the context of a careful review of the growing body of research on the relation between aging and depression. The central conclusion of the review is that diverse measurement approaches, coupled with flaws in design and analysis, make it difficult to draw any definitive conclusions regarding the age-depression relation at this time. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for future research.

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3. Depression in Late Life: Review and Commentary
   Blazer, D. G. · 2003 · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
4. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults.
   Lewinsohn, Peter M., Seeley, John R., Roberts, Robert E., Allen, Nicholas B. · 1997 · Psychology and Aging
5. Contingencies of self-worth.
   Crocker, Jennifer, Wolfe, Connie T. · 2001 · Psychological Review

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