The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Rhetoric and Reality of Gap Closing: When the "Have-Nots" Gain but the "Haves" Gain Even More.
Abstract
Many forms of intervention, across different domains, have the surprising effect of widening preexisting gaps between disadvantaged youth and their advantaged counterparts--if such interventions are made available to all students, not just to the disadvantaged. Whether this widening of gaps is incongruent with American interests and values requires an awareness of this gap-widening potential when interventions are universalized and a national policy that addresses the psychological, political, economic, and moral dimensions of elevating the top students--tomorrow's business and science leaders--and/or elevating the bottom students to redress past inequalities and reduce the future costs associated with them. This article is a first step in bringing this dilemma to the attention of scholars and policymakers and prodding a national discussion.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Matthew Effect in Science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered.
Merton, R. K. (1968) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.159.3810.56 · Cited by 6,720
Stanovich, K. E. (1986) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1598/rrq.21.4.1 · Cited by 5,222
(1968) · PubMed · Cited by 4,803
The Black-White Test Score Gap
(2011) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5771/9780815746119 · Cited by 1,715
The black-white test score gap
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-5211 · Cited by 1,471
Fienberg, S. E., & Tanur, J. M. (2016) · Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online · doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat00032.pub2 · Cited by 1,379
Carneiro, P. M., & Heckman, J. J. (2003) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.434544 · Cited by 1,325
Conceptions of Giftedness: Sociocultural Perspectives
(2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003064435 · Cited by 922
Handbook of the sociology of education
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-2282 · Cited by 691
Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved.
Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.346 · Cited by 663
Cited by
A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement.
Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.82 · Cited by 2,163
Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168 · Cited by 1,391
Subotnik, R. F., Olszewski-Kubilius, P., & Worrell, F. C. (2011) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100611418056 · Cited by 1,269
Martin, A. J., & Dowson, M. (2009) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654308325583 · Cited by 1,081
Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention
Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128317 · Cited by 1,073
Metadata
- Authors
- Ceci, S. J., & Papierno, P. B.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 149-160
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2138903015
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 41
- FWCI
- 71.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Rhetoric and Reality of Gap Closing: When the "Have-Nots" Gain but the "Haves" Gain Even More. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0003-066x.60.2.149
- The paper
- Ceci, S. J., & Papierno, P. B. (2005). The Rhetoric and Reality of Gap Closing: When the "Have-Nots" Gain but the "Haves" Gain Even More. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.60.2.149
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
