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Health disparities through a psychological lens
Abstract
There is growing concern in the United States about avoidable, unjust differences in health associated with sociodemographic characteristics, such as socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. This concern has sparked research to identify how disparities develop and how they can be reduced. Studies showing that disparities occur at all levels of socioeconomic status, not simply at the very bottom, suggest that psychosocial factors play an important role. The author discusses both content and process issues in psychological research on disparities.
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“Health disparities consist of inequities in health resulting from social disadvantage (Adler, 2009)”
From Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities (2022) · cites this paper as Adler, 2009
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Items 101–134 of 134
Zvolensky, M. J., Clausen, B. K., Shepherd, J. M., Kabel, K. E., Kauffman, B. Y., & Garey, L. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2022.2070539 · Cited by 3
“SSS = Subjective Social Status-Community Subscale (Adler, 2009); Neuroticism = Big Five Inventory-10 (Rammstedt & John, 2007); # Traumatic Events = Total number of traumatic events from the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale-5 (Foa et al., 2016); Anxiety Sensitivity = SSASI (Zvolensky et al., 2018); Intrusion = Posttrauma…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaterial circumstances, health care access, and self-reported health: A latent class analysis
Mitchell, A. M., Heitz, H. K., Leach, S. M., & Berghuis, K. J. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053221132899 · Cited by 3
“Material circumstances, health care access, and health The psychology discipline has primarily focused on psychosocial, behavioral, and biological factors which contribute to socioeconomic health disparities (e.g. Adler, 2009; Matthews and Gallo, 2011).”
BackgroundCaluori, N., Cooley, E., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Klein, E., Lei, R. F., Cipolli, W., & Philbrook, L. E. (2024) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231221546 · Cited by 3
“…of life (e.g., Chetty et al., 2016), a growing body of research highlights the unique and powerful role that subjective perceptions of being low status also play in well-being (Adler, 2009; Adler et al., 2000; Brown-Iannuzzi et al., 2014; Cundiff & Matthews, 2017; Singh-Manoux et al., 2005).”
BackgroundModels of Stress and Adapting to Risk
Rebok, G. W., Bradshaw, C. P., Volk, H. E., Mendelson, T., Eaton, W. W., Letourneau, E. J., & Kellam, S. G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190916602.003.0012 · Cited by 5
An Epidemiological Perspective on Race/Ethnicity and Stroke
Sevush-Garcy, J. L., & Gutierrez, J. (2015) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-015-0448-3 · Cited by 3
Bernal, D. R. (2014) · Cited by 3
Jeong, S.-J., Sohn, Y.-W., & Lee, S. (2021) · Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.24230/kjiop.v34i2.153-182 · Cited by 2
The relationship between racial discrimination and white matter among Black older adults
Palms, J. D., Lee, J. H., Morris, E. P., Sol, K., Walters, M. E., Scambray, K. A., Morales, C. D., Alshikho, M. J., Lao, P. J., Manly, J. J., et al. (2025) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2025.07.017 · Cited by 2
“There is a growing body of literature supporting the unique contribution of psychosocial factors in health disparities (Adler, 2009; Bailey et al., 2017).”
Jin, Y. O. U., Lei, A. N., Shen, H., Ying, Z. H. U., & Li, C. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.01700 · Cited by 2
“…in Psychological Science DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01700 1700 从毕生发展的视角看健康的贫富差距* 尤 瑾 1 安 蕾 2 沈海坤 1 朱 颖 1 李彩娜 3 (1 武汉大学心理学系, 武汉 430072) (2 河南师范大学教育学院, 新乡 453002) (3 陕西师范大学心理学院, 西安 710062) 摘 要 健康的贫富差距是所有个体从出生到死亡都需要面对的现实, 也是全球所有国家都存在的社会问 题。目前已经有相当的理论和实证研究尝试从毕生发展的视角理解健康的贫富差距。在毕生发展研究中, 健…”
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Yehudah, S. B., & Tadros, E. (2021) · Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy · doi:10.1080/2326716x.2021.2018067 · Cited by 4
“groups that are unavoidable and unjust (Adler, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialMayorga, N. A., Smit, T., Salwa, A., Buitron, V., Garza, M. J., Ochoa‐Perez, M., Lemaire, C. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02146-2 · Cited by 1
“Subjective social status was assessed with the self-report US version of the MacArthur Scale [61, 62].”
Biswas, D., & Chaudhuri, A. (2025) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-025-10404-6 · Cited by 1
Jane, K., Hayns-Worthington, R., Gallagher, K., Livermore, P., Shoemark, H., & Robert, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1633878 · Cited by 1
“These factors result in social disadvantage impacting healthcare professionals and parents neonatal experience and can lead to major disparities in health outcomes (23).”
Exploring Internalized Classism Using the Regressive Model of Self-stigma
Collier, J. (2018) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis) · Cited by 1
Kurtz, K. D., DeFouw, E. R., & Pagan‐Ortiz, M. E. (2021) · International Journal of School Social Work · doi:10.4148/2161-4148.1068 · Cited by 2
Santos, H. C. (2015) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2015.tde-04082015-094037 · Cited by 1
Applying Self‐report Measures in Minority Health and Health Disparities Research
Sánchez, M., Hidalgo, B., Rosario, A. M., Artiles, L., Stewart, A. L., & Nápoles, A. M. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119374855.ch10 · Cited by 1
An Empirical Study of the Enduring Impact of Historical Trauma in 2020Preprint
Li, Z. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/t8n25 · Cited by 1
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Recalibrating America’s Activity Habits: The Saga Continues
Terre, L. (2010) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827610361438
Neighborhood Influences on Health among Black and White Adults
Bromell, L. (2011) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Hopkins, K. D. (2013) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)
Kelly, K. D. (2016) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Socioeconomic health inequalities
Veld, S.-O. H. (2018) · doi:10.26481/dis.20180705as
Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights
Shiraev, E. B., & Levy, D. A. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429244261-12
Exploring Generational Differences in Black Perceptions of Indoor Plants
Gadsden, G. I. (2021) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · doi:10.7302/1041
Wright, A. G. C., & Hallquist, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316995808.024
Smith, H. J. (2014) · The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1002/9781118517390.wbetc113
Reich, H., Gieler, U., Brähler, E., & Kupfer, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1076233
“, income, education, and occupation) is related to morbidity in many health conditions (1), the empirical findings on the social gradient of dermatological symptoms remain ambivalent to this day.”
BackgroundRosário, E., Severo, M., Francisco, D., Brito, M., & Costa, D. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14677150
Molina, N. C., Bruce, M. D., Kaliush, P. R., Matsunaga, E., Conradt, E., & Crowell, S. E. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121756
Metadata
- Authors
- Adler, N. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Adler, Nancy E.
- ORCID
- Adler, Nancy E.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 663-673
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2095447367
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Keywords
- health disparities, psychosocial factors, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, social determinants of health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hierarchy, Social, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Psychology, Social, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behavior, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Young Adult
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