Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Abstract
Aversive conditioning to explicit and contextual cues was examined in Gulf War veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by use of the startle reflex methodology. Veterans participated in a differential aversive conditioning experiment consisting of 2 sessions separated by 4 or 5 days. Each session comprised two startle habituation periods, a preconditioning phase, a conditioning phase, and a postconditioning extinction test. In contrast to the non-PTSD group, the PTSD group showed a lack of differential startle response in the presence of a conditioned stimulus with or without an unconditioned stimulus in Session 1 and an increase in the baseline startle response during Session 2. The PTSD group also exhibited normal differential conditioning following reconditioning in Session 2. These data suggest that individuals with PTSD tend to generalize fear across stimuli and are sensitized by stress.
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Several neurophysiological studies in PTSD reveal that PTSD is often associated with extreme sensory processing patterns, including sensory hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to stimuli associated with traumatic memories.
“Indeed, several neurophysiological studies in PTSD reveal that PTSD is often associated with extreme sensory processing patterns, including sensory hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to stimuli associated with traumatic memories (such as specific sounds, images, touch stimulation) (Näätänen and Alho, 1995; Grillon and Morgan, 1999; Shalev et al., 2000; Engel-Yeger et al., 2013).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Grillon and Morgan, 1999
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References 43 · Cited by 331
- Authors
- Grillon, C., & Morgan, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 134-142
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W1976405786
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh050720-05, 5r01mh053618-04)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, fear potentiation, aversive conditioning, Gulf War veterans, fear generalization, stress sensitization, differential conditioning, extinction, contextual cues
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Conditioning, Classical, Electroshock, Fear, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reflex, Startle, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Warfare, Bias
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