Directed forgetting between, but not within, dissociative personality states
Open accessAbstract
To investigate amnesia between identities in dissociative identity disorder (DID), the authors assessed explicit and implicit memory performance on a directed-forgetting task in 12 DID patients who switched from one state to an "amnesic" state between presentation and memory testing. DID patients were instructed either to remember or to forget neutral and emotional words. Besides an overall decrease in explicit memory, patients demonstrated selective forgetting of to-be-forgotten, but not of to-be-remembered words in the amnesic state. Patients did not exhibit any directed forgetting within the same state. Implicit memory was fully preserved across states. Independent of state, patients recalled more emotional than neutral information. These results may extend the conceptualization of memory processes in DID, suggesting an important role for retrieval inhibition.
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In the same experiment, impaired cued recall was found when participants were in a different, amnestic, identity state than was present at encoding.
“but impaired cued recall when participants were in a different, amnestic, identity state than was present at encoding (e.g., directed forgetting effect with participants recalling fewer to-beforgotten stimuli compared to-be-remembered stimuli).”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Elzinga et al., 2003
In a directed forgetting experiment involving patients with DID who were able to alternate between identity states yet have no conscious awareness between states, Elzinga et al. (2003) reported intact cued recall of stimuli that were encoded in the same identity state as was present at encoding.
“Elzinga et al. (2003) reported intact cued recall of stimuli that were encoded in the same identity state as was present at encoding (e.g., no directed forgetting effect with participants recalling equal number of to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten stimuli)”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Elzinga et al., 2003
Inter-identity amnesia is a clinical hallmark of DID.
“inter-identity amnesia is a clinical hallmark of DID (Bryant, 1995;Elzinga et al., 2003;Schlumpf et al., 2014;Reinders et al., 2012)”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Elzinga et al., 2003
Individuals with DID show differing patterns of episodic memory recall between dissociative states.
“Differing patterns of episodic memory recall between dissociative states have been reported in individuals with DID (Bryant, 1995;Elzinga et al., 2003;Schlumpf et al., 2014;Reinders et al., 2012)”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Elzinga et al., 2003
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References 38 · Cited by 80
- Authors
- Elzinga, B. M., Phaf, R. H., Ardon, A. M., & van Dyck, R.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Parnassia Groep (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-243
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2147685245
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- dissociative identity disorder, directed forgetting, dissociative states, declarative memory, implicit memory, emotional words, retrieval inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cues, Dissociative Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Random Allocation, Mental Recall, Severity of Illness Index, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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