Cited by 215Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Continuing bonds and adjustment at 5 years after the death of a spouse

Field, Nigel P., Gal-Oz, Eval, Bonanno, George A.·2003·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.110

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Abstract

Thirty-nine bereaved individuals completed the Continuing Bonds Scale (CBS), assessing various aspects of the ongoing attachment to the deceased, at 60 months postloss in a longitudinal conjugal bereavement study. They also completed symptom measures at 6, 14, 25, and 60 months postloss. Higher CBS scores were associated with a more elevated grief-specific symptom pattern over the 5-year postloss period. Moreover, those who expressed greater helplessness and less blame toward the deceased during a monologue role-play involving their deceased spouse at 6 months postloss had higher CBS scores. Finally, greater satisfaction in the past relationship with the spouse was predictive of higher CBS scores. The results were discussed in relation to existing literature on the adaptiveness of continuing bonds.

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Items 101–200 of 215

Let Me Hear of Your Mercy in the Mourning: Forgiveness, Grief, and Continuing Bonds
Gassin, E. A., & Lengel, G. J. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.792661 · Cited by 14
“Although Field et al. (2003) reported that blame toward the offender is related to less CB, they did not present data to connect such blame to established mental health variables.”
Background
Reconnecting with the Dead via Facebook: Examining Transcorporeal Communication as a Way to Maintain Relationships
DeGroot, J. M. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 13
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Keser, E., & Ișıklı, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23210 · Cited by 13
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“These results are also consistent with those of Horowitz et al. (1997) and Prigerson et al. (1995), who described several PTSD-like symptoms in their de¢nitions of complicated bereavement.”
Result
Continuing bonds: a human response within paediatric palliative care
Akard, T. F., & Gilmer, M. J. (2008) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2008.14.2.28600 · Cited by 12
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川島, 大., Kempe, T., & Koga, Y. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228231194857 · Cited by 14
“Therefore, we excluded CBS data and the relationship to the deceased from the regression model to avoid the problem of multicollinearity.”
Influential
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Baier, M. E. M., & Buechsel, R. (2012) · Mental Health Practice · doi:10.7748/mhp2012.09.16.1.28.c9281 · Cited by 11
Perceptions of internal and external continuing bonds in bereaved individuals with and without prolonged grief disorder
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“…of the deceased (Field & Filanosky, 2010), writing about the deceased (Foster et al., 2011), keeping or using items associated with the deceased (Field et al., 2003), dreaming about the deceased (Black et al., 2021), momentarily believing that one has heard or seen the deceased, talking to them…”
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Horn, E. A. D., & Hoskins, W. J. (2011) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · Cited by 10
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Denhup, C. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1177/10434542211041928 · Cited by 6
“…other studies raise concerns that continuing bonds cause more grief responses and adjustment difficulties for some individuals (Boelen et al., 2006; Field et al., 1999, 2003; Gamino, Sewell, & Easterling, 2000; Foster et al., 2011; Hogan & DeSantis, 1994; Meert, Thurston, & Briller, 2005; Neimeyer…”
Background
Healing grief – an online self-help intervention programme for bereaved Chinese with prolonged grief: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Tang, S., Peng, W., Qian, X., & Chen, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2323422 · Cited by 12
“Continuing Bond Scale (CBS) The CBS is a 19-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure different ways of maintaining a connection with the deceased person (Field et al., 2003; Field & Filanosky, 2009).”
Method
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DeGroot, J. M. (2016) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222816683195 · Cited by 8
Current Trends in Grief Counseling
Horn, E. A. D., Wissel, A. M., & Glorfield, C. K. (2011) · Cited by 8
Zum Verlauf „normalen“ Trauerns
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Prolonged grief symptoms and lingering attachment predict approach behavior toward the deceased
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“…toward the deceased and prolonged grief severity observed in this study complements findings from surveys showing that behaviors focused on retaining a bond with the deceased predict increased prolonged grief symptom severity over time (e.g., Boelen, Stroebe, et al., 2006; Field et al., 2003).”
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Background
The Effects of Bereavement Time on the Relationship Between Coping Strategies and Psychological Distress
Uchida, T., Satake, N., Takayama, C., Uno, A., Nakaho, T., Inoue, A., & Saito, H. (2022) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2022.2093315 · Cited by 7
“Previous studies found that bereaved individuals who retained ties with the deceased demonstrated poorer mental health (Boelen, Stroebe, et al., 2006; Eisma et al., 2014a, 2015; Field et al., 2003; Scholtes & Browne, 2015).”
Background
Mitigating Loss and Trauma: The Continuing Bonds Experience of Daughters Bereaved to Intimate Partner Femicide
Pitcho‐Prelorentzos, S., Leshem, E., & Shamir, M. M. (2022) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012221099985 · Cited by 10
“…bonds are subjected to social and cultural influences (Khatib et al., 2020; Klass, 2006), as well as other factors such as attachment style (Stroebe et al., 2005), the quality of the relationship with the deceased prior to death and type of loss (Currier et al., 2015; Field et al., 2003).”
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“…with others about the deceased; (3) endorsing the idea that despite, physical absence, the deceased remains “a loving presence”; (4) acknowledging the positive influence of the deceased on current identity; and (5) retaining and cherishing positive memories of the deceased (Field et al., 2003).”
Background
How reminiscing about deceased close others together with continuing bonds relates to grief severity and personal growth: a cross-sectional study with bereaved adults
Wolf, T., Nusser, L., & Cappeliez, P. (2024) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2024.2301737 · Cited by 6
“…the literature on grief adjustment, another key factor may be how the bereaved person continues the relationship with the deceased close other (i.e. continuing bonds; Field et al., 2003; Stemen, 2020), thus adding a qualitative component to the rather quantitative approach of reminiscence research.”
Background
Family members’ long-term grief management: A prospective study of factors during ongoing palliative care and bereavement
Liljeroos, M., Krevers, B., & Milberg, A. (2022) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951522001687 · Cited by 7
“Although Sekowski did not study the 16-item continuous bond scale from 2010 that we used in this study, but instead the 11-item scale from 2003 (Field et al. 2003), one can hypothesize that there may be similar problems with one/several internalized continuing bond items also measuring concrete…”
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“This design aligns with the CB theory, emphasizing symbolic connections with the deceased to aid coping [9].”
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“These ﬁ ndings are consistent with previous research supporting surviving parents ’ facilitation of continuing bonds (Field et al., 2003; Saldinger et al., 2004a; 2004b).”
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Reynolds, C. M., & Grühn, D. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2297065 · Cited by 5
“Continuing bonds can even appear to be maladaptive, such as denying the loss (Carr & Sharp, 2013; Field et al., 2003); the constant reminders of the loss may be overwhelming and perhaps even distracting from the person’s daily life, which could lead them to fixate on the loss itself instead of…”
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Chau, L. Y., Cheung, W. S., & Ho, S. M. Y. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1432720 · Cited by 5
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Ismail, A., & Dekel, R. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2258486 · Cited by 4
“Research reported that continuing bonds are subject to various factors, including the type of loss (Currier et al., 2015; Field et al., 2003).”
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Peichich-Aizen, T., & Segal‐Engelchin, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.870467 · Cited by 4
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“Freud, based on his own lifelong personal experience with grief, created the intrapsychic theory of grief in which he described the sense of hopelessness and detachment that surviving individuals experience following the death of a loved one as being a normal grief reaction (Field, Gal-Oz, & Bonnano, 2003 ; Olson, 200…”
Background
BEREAVED INDIVIDUALS' FEELINGS OF ANGER TOWARD DECEASED FAMILY MEMBERS: A MIXED METHODS APPROACH
Root, B. L. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 3
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Rice, A. J., Fisher, J. E., & Cozza, S. J. (2024) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2024.2415706 · Cited by 2
The Perspective of Bereaved Filipino Families on Continuing Bonds
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Hamama‐Raz, Y., & Solomon, E. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2521505 · Cited by 3
“Specifically, continuing bonds (CBs) are defined as an ongoing inner relationship with the deceased person (Field et al., 2003; Klass et al., 1996; Stroebe & Schut, 2005).”
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Lee, W. S., & Choi, M. (2021) · Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies · doi:10.20879/kjjcs.2021.12.65.6.482 · Cited by 2
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Kuehn, P. D. (2013) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota) · Cited by 2
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Smith, K. (2011) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.64.1.c · Cited by 2
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Deffenbaugh, A. M. (2008) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
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Sawyer, J. S. (2020) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222820974536 · Cited by 5
“In terms of continued bonds, which has been defined as an ongoing attachment to the deceased that can take on a number of forms (Field et al., 2003), research findings have been inconclusive.”
Result
Exploring an Extended Conception of Grief: Sense of Presence and Grief Reactions in German Widows
Wittkowski, J., & Scheuchenpflug, R. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211054653 · Cited by 2
“Recovering memories of the deceased and use of his or her possessions were moderate predictors of concurrent but not of later distress (Boelen et al., 2006), whereas other studies showed an association with higher grief intensity on the long run up to 5 years post-loss (Field et al., 1999, 2003).”
MethodResult
The Effects of Children's Spiritual Coping after Parent, Grandparent or Sibling Death on Children's Grief, Personal Growth, and Mental Health
Hidalgo, I. M. (2017) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc001930 · Cited by 2
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“There are a growing number of theorists who see continuing bonds as part of normal grief (Bonanno and Kaltman, 1999; Riches and Dawson, 2000; Baker, 2001; Field et al., 2003; Lendrum and Syme, 2004).”
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Folding memories in conversation : Remembering practices in bereavement groups
Hedtke, C. L. (2010) · Cited by 1
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Droser, V. A. (2017) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 1
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“In addition, scores reflecting adaptive attachments on the Continuing Bonds Scale (CBS; Field et al., 2003) which measures aspects of attachment to a deceased person, were protective factors in the experience of grief over time.”
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A mixed method study of continuing bonds : maintaining connections after the death of a child.
Foster, T. L. (2008) · Cited by 1
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Vonk, L. (2009) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
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O'Brien, E. (2012) · eSource (Dublin Business School)
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Shear, M. K. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470515167.ch120
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Klingspon, K. L. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/6456418
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Paterson, K. J. (2015) · Research Commons (University of Waikato)
Grieving the death of a loved one: A performative writing approach for understanding the power of dreams
Finocan, G. M. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
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Hardin, M. P. (2004) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
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Continuing bonds from a discourse analytic perspective
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“The continuing bond was studied also in the contexts of parental loss (Christ, 2000; Christ, Siegel & Christ, 2002; Silverman, Nickman & Worden, 1992; Silverman & Worden, 1992), spouse loss (Field et al., 2003) and sibling loss (Packman, Horsley, Davies & Kramer, 2006).”
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The Effect Of Grief And Loss Training For Student Counselors On Grief Counseling Comfort Level In Two Educational Settings
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Bibliotheca artis: Tesoros de la Biblioteca del Museo del Prado
Capilla, F. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Remembering the life and dying days of a deceased close other: Memory recall and associations with loss context
Wolf, T., Mroz, E. L., & Lichtenthal, W. G. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2414257
“Contemporary perspectives recognize remembering and continuing relationships with the deceased as critical components of grief adjustment (Field et al., 2003; Lichtenthal et al., 2019; Root & Exline, 2014; Stemen, 2020).”
Qualitatively exploring continuing bonds: Navigating spousal bereavement through keeping the deceased alive
Pakandlova, A. (2024) · QMiP Bulletin · doi:10.53841/bpsqmip.2024.1.38.23
Pathways to Prolonged Grief and Posttraumatic Growth: Examining the Roles of Attachment, Identity Distress, and Shattered Assumptions
Captari, L. E. (2018) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1248525
Ambiguous Loss, Continuing Bonds, and Post-Separation Growth in North Korean Defector Women
Kim, K. A., Lee, R. M., & Chang, H. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2522694
“…have reported mixed findings on continuing bonds, with some studies indicating that they predict post-loss maladjustment (Currier et al., 2015; Field et al., 2003), while others suggest that continuing bonds are essential for facilitating post-loss adjustment (Hewson et al., 2024; Stein et…”
Attachment anxiety and lingering attachment to the deceased predict grief severity: A longitudinal study
Eisma, M. C. (2025) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2025.44.3.203
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Ho, S. M. Y. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89106-9_2
Bereaved grandparents’ meaning in life: The role of social acknowledgment, social support, and continuing bonds—a preliminary research
Maytles, R., & Hamama‐Raz, Y. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2556109
Redefining final farewells: a qualitative study of contemporary practices in bidding adieu to ageing parents in urban India
Kaushik, A. (2025) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2025.2556146
“These gendered roles affect how loss is processed, with research suggesting that unexpected grief, particularly among men, can resurface later as psychological distress (Field et al., 2003).”
“My Tears Have Been My Food, Both Day and Night”: Integrating Theology and Psychology on the Nature of Grief
Hill, D. L., Wickline, S., & LeRoy, A. S. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16111353

Authors: Field, N. P., Gal-Oz, E., & Bonanno, G. A.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Bonanno, George A.
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003
Volume: 71
Issue: 1
Pages: 110-117
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.110
OpenAlex: W2060113516
Cited by: 215
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 8.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: continuing bonds, conjugal bereavement, death of a spouse, grief, bereavement adjustment, helplessness, relationship satisfaction, role play
MeSH terms: Adult, Bereavement, Death, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Adjustment

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Continuing bonds and adjustment at 5 years after the death of a spouse

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