Cited by 1,556Emotions and Moral BehaviorForgiveness and Related BehaviorsPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?

Tangney, June Price, Miller, Rowland S., Flicker, Laura, Barlow, Deborah Hill·1996·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256

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Abstract

182 undergraduates described personal embarrassment, shame, and guilt experiences and rated these experiences on structural and phenomenological dimensions. Contrary to popular belief, shame was no more likely than guilt to be experienced in "public" situations; all 3 emotions typically occurred in social contexts, but a significant proportion of shame and guilt events occurred when respondents were alone. Analyses of participants' phenomenological ratings clearly demonstrated that shame, guilt, and embarrassment are not merely different terms for the same affective experience. In particular, embarrassment was a relatively distant neighbor of shame and guilt, and the differences among the 3 could not be explained simply by intensity of affect or by degree of moral transgression. Finally, participants generally were their own harshest critics in each type of event, evaluating themselves more negatively than they believed others did.

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Authors: Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H.
Affiliations: George Mason University (US)
ORCID: Tangney, June Price
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996
Volume: 70
Issue: 6
Pages: 1256-1269
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256
OpenAlex: W4241650702
Cited by: 1,556
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 83 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 13.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: shame, guilt, embarrassment, emotion taxonomy
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Emotions, Female, Guilt, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Shame, Social Behavior, Social Environment

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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?

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