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Cited by 507

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The relation of economic status to subjective well-being in developing countries: A meta-analysis.

Howell, Ryan T., Howell, Colleen J.·2008·Psychological Bulletin

Abstract

The current research synthesis integrates the findings of 111 independent samples from 54 economically developing countries that examined the relation between economic status and subjective well-being (SWB). The average economic status-SWB effect size was strongest among low-income developing economies (r = .28) and for samples that were least educated (r = .36). The relation was weakest among high-income developing economies (r = .10) and for highly educated samples (r = .13). Controlling for numerous covariates, the partial r effect size remained significant for the least-educated samples (pr = .18). Moderator analyses showed the economic status-SWB relation to be strongest when (a) economic status was defined as wealth (a stock variable), instead of as income (a flow variable), and (b) SWB was measured as life satisfaction (a cognitive assessment), instead of as happiness (an emotional assessment). Findings were replicated with a meta-analysis of the World Values Survey data. Discussion centers on the plausibility of need theory, alternative explanations of results, interpretation of moderators, and directions for future research.

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Metadata

Authors
Howell, R. T., & Howell, C. J.
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Published
2008
Volume
134
Issue
4
Pages
536-560
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
OpenAlex
W2065859946
Cited by
507
References
106
FWCI
19.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The relation of economic status to subjective well-being in developing countries: A meta-analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.536
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Howell, R. T., & Howell, C. J. (2008). The relation of economic status to subjective well-being in developing countries: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.536

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