Regression toward the mean and the study of change.

How we should measure "change": Or should we?

Cronbach, L. J., & Furby, L. (1970) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0029382 · Cited by 2,456

Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research on teaching

Campbell, D. T. (1963) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,541

Correlation and causality

Kenny, D. A. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,376

Problems in Measuring Change

Lubin, A., & Harris, C. W. (1965) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420518 · Cited by 1,376

The Study of Behavioral Development

(1973) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-11728-x · Cited by 760

Life-span Developmental Psychology: Introduction To Research Methods

Baltes, P. B., Reese, H. W., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1977) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 696

Design and Analysis of Time-Series Experiments.

Newbold, P., Glass, G. V., Willson, V. L., & Gottman, J. M. (1976) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2285785 · Cited by 595

Mathematical Thinking in the Social Sciences

Furfey, P. H., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1954) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3709086 · Cited by 521

Handbook of Research on Teaching

Vernon, P. E., & Gage, N. L. (1965) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3119055 · Cited by 230

Problems of Statistical Estimation and Causal Inference in Time-Series Regression Models

Hibbs, D. A. (1973) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270839 · Cited by 225

Development of STEM Vocational Interests During Elementary and Middle School: A Cohort-Sequential Longitudinal Study

Babarović, T. (2021) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/08948453211036986 · Cited by 25

Does the direction and magnitude of cognitive change depend on initial level of ability?

Salthouse, T. A. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.02.006 · Cited by 24

Effects of experimental manipulation of hematocrit on avian flight performance in high and low altitude conditions

Yap, K. N., Dick, M. F., Guglielmo, C. G., & Williams, T. D. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.191056 · Cited by 26

Structure and predictive power of intraindividual variability in health and activity measures

Ghisletta, P., Nesselroade, J. R., Featherman, D. L., & Rowe, J. W. (2002) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024//1421-0185.61.2.73 · Cited by 25

Training research in aging: Attentional processes.

Willis, S. L., Cornelius, S. W., Blow, F. C., & Baltes, P. B. (1983) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.75.2.257 · Cited by 24

The Misconception of the Regression-Based Discrepancy Operationalization in the Definition and Research of Learning Disabilities

den Broeck, W. V. (2002) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221940203500301 · Cited by 24

Change Measurement**This work was partially supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging (No. T32-AG-00110-02) and by the MacArthur Foundation Research Program on Successful Aging.

Burr, J. A., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-724960-5.50006-8 · Cited by 24

Both sides of the story: exploring how improved and less-improved participants experience mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder

Hjeltnes, A., Moltu, C., Schanche, E., Jansen, Y., & Binder, P.-E. (2018) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1169330 · Cited by 23

Bias versus bias: Harnessing hindsight to reveal paranormal belief change beyond demand characteristics

Kane, M. J., Core, T. J., & Hunt, R. R. (2010) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.17.2.206 · Cited by 23

Using practice effects for targeted trials or sub-group analysis in Alzheimer’s disease: How practice effects predict change over time

Wang, G., Kennedy, R., Goldberg, T. E., Fowler, M. E., Cutter, G., & Schneider, L. S. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228064 · Cited by 24

Replication in music psychology

Frieler, K., Müllensiefen, D., Fischinger, T., Schlemmer, K., Jakubowski, K., & Lothwesen, K. (2013) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864913495404 · Cited by 23

A Failure to Demonstrate Changes in Sexual Interest in Pedophilic Men: Comment on Müller et al. (2014)

Bailey, J. M. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0338-7 · Cited by 23

Amphetamine effects on MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery performance in healthy adults

Chou, H., Talledo, J., Lamb, S. N., Thompson, W. K., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2948-x · Cited by 24

Situational effects may account for gain scores in cognitive ability testing: A longitudinal SEM approach

Matton, N., Vautier, S., & Raufaste, É. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.03.011 · Cited by 22

The concept of change and regression toward the mean.

Labouvie, E. W. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.92.1.251 · Cited by 21

The Effect of Mandatory Play Breaks on Subsequent Gambling Behavior Among Norwegian Online Sports Betting, Slots and Bingo Players: A Large-scale Real World Study

Hopfgartner, N., Auer, M., Santos, T., Helić, D., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10078-3 · Cited by 20

The Production of and Market for New Physicians’ Skill

Epstein, A. J., Nicholson, S., & Asch, D. A. (2016) · American Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1162/ajhe_a_00033 · Cited by 20

Does Parent Management Training for Children with Externalizing Problem Behavior in Routine Care Result in Clinically Significant Changes?

Hautmann, C., Stein, P., Hanisch, C., Eichelberger, I., Plück, J., Walter, D., & Döpfner, M. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300902777148 · Cited by 21

Interaction of APOE e4 and poor glycemic control predicts white matter hyperintensity growth from 73 to 76

Cox, S. R., Ritchie, S. J., Dickie, D. A., Pattie, A., Royle, N. A., Corley, J., Aribisala, B. S., Harris, S. E., Hernández, M. V., Gow, A. J., et al. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.02.014 · Cited by 19

No strong support for a Dunning–Kruger effect in creativity: analyses of self-assessment in absolute and relative terms

Lebuda, I., Hofer, G., Rominger, C., & Benedek, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61042-1 · Cited by 19

The mythologization of regression towards the mean

Maraun, M. D., Gabriel, S. M., & Martin, J. (2011) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354310384910 · Cited by 19

Trends and Plot Methods in MLR Studies

Besalú, E., de Julián‐Ortiz, J. V., & Pogliani, L. (2007) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/ci6004959 · Cited by 22

Structuring and Measuring Change over the Life Span

Nesselroade, J. R., & Ghisletta, P. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0357-6_14 · Cited by 19

Bimodality of blood pressure levels

McManus, I. C. (1983) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780020220 · Cited by 19

The effect of retirement on somatic complaints

Ekerdt, D. J., Bossé, R., & Goldie, C. (1983) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(83)90110-1 · Cited by 18

Surgical versus medical treatment for severe epilepsy: consequences for intellectual functioning in children and adults. A follow-up study

Bjørnæs, H., Stabell, K. E., Henriksen, O., Røste, G. K., & Diep, L. M. (2002) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/s1059-1311(02)00134-6 · Cited by 18

Measuring the impact of teaching approaches on achievement‐related emotions: The use of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire

Starkey‐Perret, R., Deledalle, A., Jeoffrion, C., & Rowe, C. (2017) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12193 · Cited by 20

Accounting for the Relationship Between Initial Status and Growth in Regression Models

Kelly, S., & Ye, F. (2016) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2016.1160357 · Cited by 17

The Regression Effect as a Neglected Source of Bias in Nonrandomized Intervention Trials and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies

Weeks, D. L. (2007) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278707304043 · Cited by 17

Individual Part Score Profiles of Children With Intellectual Disability: A Descriptive Analysis Across Three Intelligence Tests

Bergeron, R., & Floyd, R. G. (2013) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2013.12087489 · Cited by 17

Patterns of Change in Willingness to Communicate in Public Speaking Contexts: A Latent Growth Modeling Analysis

Hodis, G. M., Bardhan, N. R., & Hodis, F. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2010.490840 · Cited by 16

Should Student Outcomes Be Used to Evaluate Teaching

Berk, R. A. (2014) · The journal of faculty development · Cited by 16

Pre-frailty predicts cognitive decline at 2-year follow-up in persons living with HIV

Paolillo, E. W., Sun-Suslow, N., Pasipanodya, E. C., Morgan, E. E., Ellis, R. J., Jeste, D. V., & Moore, D. J. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00814-2 · Cited by 18

The Impact of Methodological Changes in Gerontology

Schaie, K. W. (1992) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/04rm-kpu0-7g7r-0hek · Cited by 16

Longitudinal Research About, and Program Evaluations of, Positive Youth Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Methodological Issues and Options

Lerner, R. M., Tirrell, J. M., Gansert, P. K., Lerner, J. V., King, P. E., Geldhof, G. J., Dowling, E. M., & Sim, A. T. R. (2021) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2021.1040 · Cited by 15

Novice medical students: Individual patterns in the use of learning strategies and how they change during the first academic year

Fabry, G., & Giesler, M. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3205/zma000826 · Cited by 15

The Personality Disorders: History, Classification, and Research Issues.

Lenzenweger, M. F., & Clarkin, J. F. (2005) · Cited by 15

LIKING OF POPCORN CONTAINING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALT1

VICKERS, Z. M., & ROBERTS, A. (1993) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.1993.tb00204.x · Cited by 15

Behavioral Profiles of Anxious Solitary Children: Predicting Peer Relations Trajectories from Third Through Fifth Grades

Gazelle, H., & Shell, M. D. (2017) · Merrill-Palmer Quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.63.2.0237 · Cited by 14

No dual-task practice effect in Alzheimer's disease

Foley, J. A., Cocchini, G., Logie, R. H., & Sala, S. D. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2014.908922 · Cited by 14

Regression away from the mean: Theory and examples

Schwarz, W., & Reike, D. (2017) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12106 · Cited by 14

Psychometric Implications of Learning Potential Assessment: A Typological Approach

Schöttke, H., Bartram, M., & Wiedl, K. H. (2020) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003077398-11 · Cited by 14

Multiple regression analysis of differential response to treatment in randomized controlled clinical trials

Weigel, R. M., & Narváez, M. (1991) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(91)90018-h · Cited by 14

Sibling placement and contact in out-of-home care

McDowall, J. J. (2015) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 14

Nonparametric Tests

Forthofer, R. N., Lee, E. S., & Hernández, M. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-369492-8.50014-5 · Cited by 13

Discovering markers of healthy aging: a prospective study in a Danish male birth cohort

Zarnani, K., Nichols, T. E., Alfaro‐Almagro, F., Fagerlund, B., Lauritzen, M., Rostrup, E., & Smith, S. M. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102151 · Cited by 13

Sustainability Education and Environmental Worldviews: Shifting a Paradigm

Ling, S., Landon, A. C., Tarrant, M. A., & Rubin, D. L. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12198258 · Cited by 13

Exploring the role of the “Big Three” features of effective youth development programs in El Salvador: The sample case of programs of Compassion International

Tirrell, J. M., Hay, S., Gansert, P. K., Le, T. U., O’Neil, B. C., Vaughn, J. M., Bishara, L., Tan, E. C., Lerner, J. V., King, P. E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254211022858 · Cited by 12

Genetic testing for hereditary cancer: Effects of alexithymia and coping strategies on variations in anxiety before and after result disclosure

Fantini‐Hauwel, C., Dauvier, B., Arciszewski, T., Antoine, P., & Manouvrier‐Hanu, S. (2011) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2010.506575 · Cited by 12

Pre-treatment expectations and their influence on subjective symptom change in Crohn's disease

Basedow, L. A., Zerth, S. F., Salzmann, S., Uecker, C., Bauer, N., Elsenbruch, S., Rief, W., & Langhorst, J. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111567 · Cited by 13

How to Improve the Accuracy of Project Schedules? The Effect of Project Specification and Historical Information on Duration Estimates

Lorko, M., Servátka, M., & Zhang, L. (2019) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/poms.13299 · Cited by 11

Francis Galton’s regression towards mediocrity and the stability of types

Krashniak, A., & Lamm, E. (2021) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.12.008 · Cited by 11

Measuring Engagement Effects of Educational Games and Virtual Manipulatives on Mathematics

Samur, Y. (2012) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 11

Technical Notes

Tilden, V. P., & Stewart, B. J. (1985) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0092055x8500700314 · Cited by 11

Outcomes from a pilot psychological therapies service for UK military veterans

Clarkson, P., Giebel, C. M., Challis, D., Duthie, P., Barrett, A., & Lambert, H. (2016) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.57 · Cited by 10

Awareness of Age-Related Gains and Losses and Their Associations With Psychological Well-Being: A Longitudinal Examination

Wilton-Harding, B., & Windsor, T. D. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab155 · Cited by 14

Retest effects in matrix test performance: Differential impact of predictors at different hierarchy levels in an educational setting

Freund, P. A., & Holling, H. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.07.006 · Cited by 9

Human performance after success and failure: evidence from the NBA

Bühren, C., & Krabel, S. (2019) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2019.1634121 · Cited by 8

Interrogating ergodicity and specificity in youth development programs in El Salvador

Tirrell, J. M., Gansert, P. K., Dowling, E. M., Williams, K. E., Iraheta, G., Lerner, J. V., King, P. E., Sim, A. T. R., & Lerner, R. M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101243 · Cited by 9

Inheritance and regression toward the mean in heterogeneous cell populations

Gamel, J. W., & Axelrod, D. E. (1991) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1991.tb01157.x · Cited by 9

Rank Power of Metrics Used to Assess QTc Interval Prolongation by Clinical Trial Simulation

Bonate, P. L. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/00912700022009233 · Cited by 9

Die klinische Signifikanz des Präventionsprogramms für Expansives Problemverhalten (PEP) im Langzeitverlauf

Hanisch, C., Hautmann, C., Eichelberger, I., Plück, J., & Döpfner, M. (2010) · Verhaltenstherapie (Basel) · doi:10.1159/000322044 · Cited by 9

Experiences from longitudinal studies of aging: An international perspective

Deeg, D. J. H., & Gh, V. D. Z. (1991) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/bf00117109 · Cited by 8

Dietary patterns and trajectories of global- and domain-specific cognitive decline in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

Corley, J., & Deary, I. J. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520005139 · Cited by 8

Attachment Orientations and the Development of Israeli Elementary School-Age Children: The Role of Dependent Relationship

Goldner, L. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0044-z · Cited by 7

Value of new performance information in healthcare: evidence from Japan

Gallani, S., Kajiwara, T., & Krishnan, R. (2020) · International Journal of Health Economics and Management · doi:10.1007/s10754-020-09283-1 · Cited by 7

Analysis of Pretest-Posttest Data and the Regression to the Mean: A Review

学, 岩. (2002) · Kodo Keiryogaku (The Japanese Journal of Behaviormetrics) · doi:10.2333/jbhmk.29.247 · Cited by 7

Is Mandatory Nonfinancial Performance Measurement Beneficial?Preprint

Gallani, S., Kajiwara, T., & Krishnan, R. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2642914 · Cited by 7

Splitting: The development of a measure

Gerson, M. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198401)40:1 · Cited by 127

The exchangeability of brief intelligence tests for children with intellectual giftedness: Illuminating error variance components’ influence on IQs

Irby, S. M., & Floyd, R. G. (2017) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22068 · Cited by 6

Rank extrapolation: Asymmetric forecasts of future rank after rank change

Pettit, N. C., Doyle, S., Kim, H. Y., & Hurwitz, A. (2022) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104129 · Cited by 7

Wo sind die wissenschaftlichen Standards für hochwertige Replikationsforschung?

Fiedler, K. (2018) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000388 · Cited by 6

The Influence of a Multimodal Health Program with Diet, Art, and Biofield Therapy on the Quality of Life of People in Japan

Suzuki, K., Kimura, T., Uchida, S., Katamura, H., & Tanaka, H. (2019) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2018.0291 · Cited by 6

Adolescents Who Have Been Sexually Abused: Trauma Symptoms and Self-Blame while Waiting for Treatment

Jouriles, E. N., Johnson, E., Rancher, C. E., Johnson, J. L. C., Cook, K., & McDonald, R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2051527 · Cited by 6

Style d’apprentissage et théorie métacognitive : une comparaison des concepts théoriques et de l’application didactique

Büchel, F. P. (2021) · Éducation et francophonie · doi:10.7202/1080464ar · Cited by 6

PC program implementing an alternative to the paired t-test which adjusts for regression to the mean

Kowalski, C. J., Schneiderman, E. D., & Willis, S. M. (1994) · International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing · doi:10.1016/0020-7101(94)90117-1 · Cited by 6

MEASUREMENT ERROR AND SAT SCORE CHANGE

Alderman, D. L. (1981) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1981.tb01266.x · Cited by 6

Regression of Lateral Asymmetry Scores Toward the Mean

Kim, H. (1994) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80203-1 · Cited by 6

Spirituality, self-blame, and trauma symptoms among adolescents waiting for treatment after disclosing sexual abuse

Jouriles, E. N., Sitton, M. J., Rancher, C. E., Johnson, J. L. C., Reedy, M., Mahoney, A., & McDonald, R. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107214 · Cited by 5

Measuring Childhood Exposure to Neighbourhood Deprivation at the Macro- and Micro-level in Aotearoa New Zealand

Rudd, G., Meissel, K., & Meyer, F. (2023) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-023-10022-4 · Cited by 5

Latent Growth Modeling for Communication Research: Opportunities and Perspectives

Hodis, F. A., & Hodis, G. M. (2013) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2013.11679150 · Cited by 5

Know Thyself! Predicting Subjective Well-Being from personality estimation discrepancy and self-insight

Nilsson, A., Friedrichs, K., & Kajonius, P. J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03396-1 · Cited by 4

The Effects of Television Advertising on Local Telephone Usage: Exploratory Data Analysis and Response Modeling

Koschat, M. A., & Sabavala, D. J. (1994) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.13.4.374 · Cited by 5

The overprediction of fear: Is it a form of regression toward the mean?

Taylor, S. J. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90033-7 · Cited by 5

The statistical regression phenomenon: I. A metamodel

Lund, T. (1989) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01063.x · Cited by 5

How do short-term and long-term factors impact the aboveground biomass of grassland in Northern China?

Zhu, X., An, Y., Qin, Y., Li, Y., Shao, C., Xu, D., Yan, R., Zhou, W., & Xin, X. (2024) · Carbon Research · doi:10.1007/s44246-024-00134-z · Cited by 4

Education, Competence Development and Career Trajectories

Weinert, S., Blossfeld, G. J., & Blossfeld, H. (2023) · Methodology of educational measurement and assessment · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27007-9 · Cited by 30

Hope as a virtue: Toward a theoretically-grounded measure in English, isiZulu, and Portuguese

Thomas, K. J., Rand, K. L., Rogers, S. K., Vlisides‐Henry, R. D., & Witvliet, C. V. (2025) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2025.2486062 · Cited by 4

Regression explanation and statistical autonomy

Witteveen, J. (2019) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-019-9705-z · Cited by 4

How to Test the Association Between Baseline Performance Level and the Modulatory Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Techniques

Lega, C., Cattaneo, L., & Costantini, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.920558 · Cited by 4

Assessing clinically relevant cognitive decline: preliminary data on a new method

Isella, V., Atzeni, L., Iurlaro, S., Villa, M. L., Russo, A., Forapani, E., Frattola, L., & Appollonio, I. M. (2003) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-003-0146-7 · Cited by 4

Rater variables associated with ITER ratings

Paget, M., Wu, C. M., McIlwrick, J., Woloschuk, W., Wright, B. J., & McLaughlin, K. (2012) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-012-9391-y · Cited by 4

The predictable instability of psychological distress in college students: A comment on Flett, Vredenburg, and Krames

Pepper, C. M., & Coyne, J. C. (1996) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229116 · Cited by 4

Measuring percentage change: Assumptions underlying unbiased treatment estimates.

Orwin, R. G. (1981) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.66.6.671 · Cited by 4

The Production of and Market for New Physicians' Skill

Epstein, A. J., Nicholson, S., & Asch, D. A. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18678 · Cited by 4

Effect of Long-Term Absenteeism on the Operating Revenues, Productivity, and Employment of Enterprises

Aarstad, J., & Kvitastein, O. A. (2023) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci13060156 · Cited by 3

To advance sleep science, let’s study change

Simon, K. C. N. S., & Duggan, K. A. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf155 · Cited by 2

Averaging to Minimize or Eliminate Regression toward the Mean to Measure Pure Experimental Effects

Toh, R. S., & Hu, M. Y. (2008) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.102.3.665-677 · Cited by 3

Children's Peer Status and Their Adjustment in Adolescence and Adulthood

Zettergren, P. (2007) · Cited by 3

Longitudinal predictions using regression-corrected grouping to reduce regression to the mean

Stephens, S., & Marder, M. P. (2019) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020109 · Cited by 3

The concept of change and regression toward the mean.

Labouvie, E. W. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.92.1.251 · Cited by 21

Regression to the Mean: More than a Statistic.

Smith, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0091254 · Cited by 1

Regression toward the Mean and the Regression-Effect Bias.

Roberts, A. (1980) · New Directions for Testing and Measurement · Cited by 20

Regression towards the mean, historically considered

M, S. (1997) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1191/096228097676361431 · Cited by 47

[On the relationship between change and baseline:regression toward the mean].

Catelan, D., & Biggeri, A. (2014) · PubMed