Cited by 189Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Measuring Psychodynamic-Interpersonal and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Development of the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale

Hilsenroth, Mark J., Blagys, Matthew D., Ackerman, Steven J., Bonge, Dennis R., Blais, Mark A.·2005·Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training

DOI 10.1037/0033-3204.42.3.340

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-3204.42.3.340

Cites

77 of 77 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions.
Everitt, B. S., & Fleiss, J. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530193 · Cited by 9,034
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 2nd ed
GROVE, W. A. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1644-a · Cited by 3,756
Cognitive therapy of personality disorders
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-2993 · Cited by 1,770
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
Terrell, C. D. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510010107047 · Cited by 1,686
Cognitive Therapy of Depression
Fischer, H. (1980) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(80)73639-3 · Cited by 1,612

Show all 68 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Hilsenroth, 2002, Adelphi University: Psychodynamic psychotherapy process and outcome research team., 241
10.1097/00005053-200306000-00001 · DOI
1998, Psychology: Approaches to therapy.
Nunnally, 1994, Psychometric theory
Shapiro, 1990, Raters' manual for the Sheffield Psychotherapy Rating Scale (Memo 1154, MRC/ECRC).

Sorted by citations

The Empirical Status of Empirically Supported Psychotherapies: Assumptions, Findings, and Reporting in Controlled Clinical Trials.
Westen, D., Novotny, C. M., & Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.631 · Cited by 1,212
Scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices
Morgado, F. F. D. R., Meireles, J. F. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A. C. S., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2017) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0057-1 · Cited by 790
Cognitive behavioural therapy and short-term psychoanalytical psychotherapy versus a brief psychosocial intervention in adolescents with unipolar major depressive disorder (IMPACT): a multicentre, pragmatic, observer-blind, randomised controlled superiority trial
Goodyer, I. M., Reynolds, S., Barrett, B., Byford, S., Dubicka, B., Hill, J., Holland, F., Kelvin, R., Midgley, N., Roberts, C., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30378-9 · Cited by 259
Treatment adherence: The importance of therapist flexibility in relation to therapy outcomes.
Owen, J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035753 · Cited by 177
“The CPPS is based on the findings of two empirical reviews of the comparative psychotherapy process literature (Blagys & Hilsenroth, 2000; Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
LGBQ-affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy for young gay and bisexual men’s mental and sexual health: A three-arm randomized controlled trial.
Pachankis, J. E., Harkness, A., Maciejewski, K. R., Behari, K., Clark, K. A., McConocha, E., Winston, R., Adeyinka, O., Reynolds, J., Bränström, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000724 · Cited by 112
IMPRoving Outcomes for children exposed to domestic ViolencE (IMPROVE): an evidence synthesis
Howarth, E., Moore, T. H., Welton, N. J., Lewis, N. V., Stanley, N., MacMillan, H. L., Shaw, A. R. G., Hester, M., Bryden, P. A., & Feder, G. S. (2016) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr04100 · Cited by 112
The Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (MULTI): Initial report
McCarthy, K. S., & Barber, J. P. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300802524343 · Cited by 97
“Some notable measures collect the three perspectives but only on inventions from one or a limited number of orientations (Hilsenroth et al., 2005; Ogrodniczuk et al., 2000; Orlinsky & Howard, 1966; Silove et al., 1990).”
Cognitive–behavioural therapy and short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy versus brief psychosocial intervention in adolescents with unipolar major depression (IMPACT): a multicentre, pragmatic, observer-blind, randomised controlled trial
Goodyer, I. M., Reynolds, S. A., Barrett, B. M., Byford, S., Dubicka, B., Hill, J., Holland, F., Kelvin, R. G., Midgley, N., Roberts, C., et al. (2017) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta21120 · Cited by 91
A programmatic study of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: Assessment, process, outcome, and training
Hilsenroth, M. J. (2006) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300600953504 · Cited by 91
“On the basis of the 13 core techniques identified from the empirical literature, we constructed the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth, Blagys, Ackerman, Bonge, & Blais, 2005 ), which contains two subscales, CPPS-PI and CPPS-CB, that assess the degree to which a therapist uses these core techniq…”
MethodSelf-citation
Effects of training in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: changes in graduate clinician technique
Hilsenroth, M. J., DeFife, J. A., Blagys, M. D., & Ackerman, S. J. (2006) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300500264887 · Cited by 73
“Coefficient alphas from a larger sample of 124 psychodynamic, CB, and eclectic psychotherapy sessions were found to be quite high for both CPPS PI (.92) and CPPS CB (.94; Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The MBT Adherence and Competence Scale (MBT-ACS): Development, structure and reliability
Karterud, S., Pedersen, G., Engen, M. J., Johansen, M. S., Johansson, P. N., Schlüter, C., Urnes, Ø., Wilberg, T., & BATEMAN, A. W. (2012) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.708795 · Cited by 74
“However, several previous studies have included the same therapists and the same patients more than once in the sessions being studied, although papers are unclear about these important methodological matters (Barber, Mercer, Krakauer, & Calvo, 1996 ; Hilsenroth, Bonge, Blagys, Ackerman, & Blais, 2005 ).”
Result
Exploring In‐Session Focus on the Patient–Therapist Relationship: Patient Characteristics, Process and Outcome
Kuutmann, K., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.743 · Cited by 70
Self-citation
Is It All about the Higher Dose? Why Psychoanalytic Therapy Is an Effective Treatment for Major Depression
Zimmermann, J., Löffler‐Stastka, H., Huber, D., Klug, G., Alhabbo, S., Bock, A., & Benecke, C. (2014) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1917 · Cited by 74
A randomised controlled trial of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression: the Halifax Depression Study
Town, J. M., Abbass, A. A., Stride, C., & Bernier, D. C. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.035 · Cited by 81
Interaction Between Alliance and Technique in Predicting Patient Outcome During Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Owen, J. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31821cd28a · Cited by 63
Self-citation
Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Review of Recent Process and Outcome Studies
Lewis, A., Dennerstein, M., & Gibbs, P. M. (2008) · Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry (Print) · doi:10.1080/00048670802050520 · Cited by 55
“A unique feature of that study was its use of the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale [31] as”
MethodInfluential
Looking both ways
Stiles, W. B., Hill, C. E., & Elliott, R. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.981681 · Cited by 60
An opportunity to bridge the gap between clinical research and clinical practice: Implications for clinical training.
Hershenberg, R., Drabick, D. A. G., & Vivian, D. (2012) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0027648 · Cited by 59
Enhancing emotion regulation
Iwakabe, S., Nakamura, K., & Thoma, N. C. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2183155 · Cited by 65
“The Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (Hilsenroth et al., 2005) includes items such as, “Therapist 920 S. Iwakabe et al. encourages patient to experience and express feelings in the session.””
Background
The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual Version 2 (PDM-2): Assessing patients for improved clinical practice and research.
Lingiardi, V., McWilliams, N., Bornstein, R. F., Gazzillo, F., & Gordon, R. M. (2015) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038546 · Cited by 49
Building a Bridge Over Troubled Water: Response To Commentaries
Luyten, P., Blatt, S. J., & Corveleyn, J. M. T. (2006) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651060540021401 · Cited by 43
“The studies by Hilsenroth and colleagues (Hilsenroth et al. 2005) with the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale or by Blatt and colleagues showing that clinicians can make reliable and valid distinctions between subtypes of personality-disordered patients based on clinical case records (see,…”
Result
The effects of borderline pathology on short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression
Hilsenroth, M. J., DeFife, J. A., Blake, M. M., & Cromer, T. D. (2007) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300600786748 · Cited by 43
“We have reported (Hilsenroth et al., 2005) on the excellent interrater reliability and internal consistency of the CPPS as well as significant results on six separate validity analyses conducted across several different contexts and samples.”
Self-citation
The relationship of patient defensive functioning and alliance with therapist technique during short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy
Siefert, C. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Weinberger, J. L., Blagys, M. D., & Ackerman, S. J. (2006) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.469 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
Patient affect experiencing following therapist interventions in short-term dynamic psychotherapy
Town, J. M., Hardy, G. E., McCullough, L., & Stride, C. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.637243 · Cited by 42
“STDP therapist responses appear consistent with common categories of interventions previously described in psychodynamically orientated therapies (Blagys & Hilsenroth, 2000 ), and broadly distinguishable from cognitive-behavioural therapies (Hilsenroth, Blagys, Ackerman, Bonge, & Blais, 2005 ).”
Method
Therapeutic Interventions Related to Outcome in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorder Patients
Slavin-Mulford, J. M., Hilsenroth, M., Weinberger, J., & Gold, J. R. (2011) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182125d60 · Cited by 41
“The Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth et al., 2005) is a descriptive measure of psychotherapy process designed to assess therapist activity and psychotherapy techniques that are used and occur during the therapeutic hour.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
The Efficacy of Brief Parent−Infant Psychotherapy for Treating Early Regulatory Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Georg, A. K., Cierpka, M., Schröder‐Pfeifer, P., Kress, S., & Taubner, S. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.016 · Cited by 39
Working through: In-session processes that promote between-session thoughts and activities.
Owen, J. J., Quirk, K. M., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Rodolfa, E. R. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023616 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
The Efficacy of Internal Family Systems Therapy in the Treatment of Depression Among Female College Students: A Pilot Study
Haddock, S. A., Weiler, L. M., Trump, L. J., & Henry, K. L. (2016) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12184 · Cited by 44
Psychotherapy integration and alliance: Use of cognitive-behavioral techniques within a short-term psychodynamic treatment model.
Goldman, R. E., Hilsenroth, M. J., Owen, J. J., & Gold, J. R. (2013) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/a0034363 · Cited by 36
“We have recently reported (Hilsenroth et al., 2005; Slavin-Mulford, Hilsenroth, Weinberger, & Gold, 2011; Stein, Pesale, Slavin, & Hilsenroth, 2010) on the excellent interrater reliability and internal consistency of the CPPS, as well as validity analyses conducted across several different contexts…”
Self-citation
Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy for treatment resistant depression: 18-Month follow-up of the Halifax depression trial
Town, J. M., Abbass, A. A., Stride, C., Nunes, A., Bernier, D. C., & Berrigan, P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.035 · Cited by 39
Insight as a common and specific impact of psychotherapy: Therapist-reported exploratory, directive, and common factor interventions.
McAleavey, A. A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0032410 · Cited by 35
Patient Ratings of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Session Activities and Their Relation to Outcome
DeFife, J. A., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Gold, J. R. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31817cf6d0 · Cited by 35
“The CPPS has demonstrated validity with existing process measures as well as practicing clinicians’ ratings of ideal prototypical session activities (Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Do sleep disturbances in depressed adolescents improve following psychological treatment for depression?
Reynolds, S. A., Orchard, F., Midgley, N., Kelvin, R. G., & Goodyer, I. M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.029 · Cited by 32
Measuring Verbal Psychotherapeutic Techniques—A Systematic Review of Intervention Characteristics and Measures
Gumz, A., Treese, B., Marx, C., Strauss, B. M., & Wendt, H. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01705 · Cited by 34
“For three measures, studies are available which report a broad examination and evidence for validity for the respective measure: CPPS (see Table 4; Hilsenroth et al., 2005), ITS (see Table 5; Gaston and Ring, 1992), and YACS (see Table 3; Carroll et al., 2000).”
Background
Affect-Focused Techniques in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Diener, M. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-444-5_10 · Cited by 30
“Treatment fidelity was ensured by the analysis of ratings on the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS) [ 33 ] completed by two judges coding the subscales independently in random order.”
MethodSelf-citation
Comparison of therapeutic action, style and content in cognitive–behavioural and psychodynamic group therapy under clinically representative conditions
Watzke, B., Rüddel, H., Koch, U., Rudolph, M., & Schulz, H. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.595 · Cited by 29
Therapeutic work with the present moment: A comparative conversation analysis of existential and cognitive therapies
Thell, N., & Peräkylä, A. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.570934 · Cited by 29
“, 1987; Stiles, Shapiro, & Firth-Cozens, 1988) or general therapy process characteristics (such as directivity, behavior focus, emotional arousal, focus on patient-therapist relationship; see Brunink & Schroeder, 1979; Hilsenroth et al., 2005; Malik, Beutler, Alimonhamed, Gallagher-Thompson, & Thompson, 2003; Watzke,…”
The Adolescent Psychotherapy Q-Set (APQ): A Validation Study
Calderón, A., Schneider, C., Target, M., & Midgley, N. (2017) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2016.1255499 · Cited by 29
“…of the APQ to identify differences and shared features of two different therapeutic approaches to working with adolescents; and (3) convergent and discriminant validity with a widely used measure of therapist behaviors, the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Ghent Psychotherapy Study (GPS) on the differential efficacy of supportive-expressive and cognitive behavioral interventions in dependent and self-critical depressive patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Meganck, R., Desmet, M., Bockting, C., Inslegers, R., Truijens, F. L., Smet, M. M. D., Geest, R. D., Nieuwenhove, K. V., Hennissen, V., Hermans, G., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1867-x · Cited by 31
“Specifically, the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale [30] will be used to reliably assess characteristics of cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal treatments in the respective treatments.”
Method
Quantitative Approaches to Treatment Process, Change Process, and Process-Outcome Research
Gelo, O. C. G., & Manzo, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_13 · Cited by 31
Interaction among Alliance, Psychodynamic–Interpersonal and Cognitive–Behavioural Techniques in the Prediction of Post‐session Change
Owen, J. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Rodolfa, E. R. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1792 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Therapist interventions using the Psychodynamic Interventions Rating Scale (PIRS) in dynamic therapy, psychoanalysis and CBT
Banon, E., Perry, J. C., Semeniuk, T., Bond, M., de Roten, Y., Hersoug, A. G., & Despland, J.-N. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.745955 · Cited by 27
A training outline for conducting psychotherapy process ratings: An example using therapist technique
Stein, M. B., Pesale, F. P., Slavin‐Mulford, J. M., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2009) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140903229457 · Cited by 27
“The training instructor was male, with a clinical PhD and internship training from an APA approved programme, and is faculty member at an APA approved clinical PhD programme, with extensive clinical and research experience using the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth, Blagys, Ackerman, Bonge, &…”
MethodSelf-citation
Relationship Between Interpretation, Alliance, and Outcome in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Control of Therapist Effects and Assessment of Moderator Variable Impact
Levy, S. R., Hilsenroth, M., & Owen, J. (2015) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000302 · Cited by 27
“Use of interpretation was assessed using CPPS, item #13, “The therapist suggests alternative ways to understand experiences or events not previously recognized by the patient” (for additional manual coding instructions, see Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Changes in Object Relations over the Course of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.
Mullin, A. S. J., Hilsenroth, M., Gold, J. R., & Farber, B. A. (2017) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2021 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Text Analysis within Quantitative and Qualitative Psychotherapy Process Research: Introduction to Special Issue
Gelo, O. C. G., Salcuni, S., & Colli, A. (2013) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2012.144 · Cited by 25
A Review of Subjective Scales Measuring the User Experience of Voice Assistants
Faruk, L. I. D., Babakerkhell, M. D., Mongkolnam, P., Chongsuphajaisiddhi, V., Funilkul, S., & Pal, D. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3358423 · Cited by 28
“Consequently, which ultimately jeopardize the overall validity and reliability of the scale [33].”
Background
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy: An evaluation of therapies provided by trainees at a university psychotherapy training center
Hiltunen, A. J., Kocys, E., & Perrin‐Wallqvist, R. (2013) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.23 · Cited by 23
“The CPPS result indicated good quality characteristics and hence confirms that the interventions used in the therapy belonged to the CBT genre (Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Childhood trauma and differential response to long-term psychoanalytic versus cognitive–behavioural therapy for chronic depression in adults
Krakau, L., Ernst, M., Hautzinger, M., Beutel, M. E., & Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M. (2024) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2024.112 · Cited by 25
Trauma-focused psychodynamic therapy and STAIR Narrative Therapy of post-traumatic stress disorder related to childhood maltreatment: trial protocol of a multicentre randomised controlled trial assessing psychological, neurobiological and health economic outcomes (ENHANCE)
Leichsenring, F., Steinert, C., Beutel, M. E., Feix, L., Gündel, H., Hermann, A., Karabatsiakis, A., Knaevelsrud, C., König, H., Kolassa, I., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040123 · Cited by 20
Two Forms of Group Therapy and Individual Treatment of Work-Related Depression: A One-Year Follow-Up Study
Sandahl, C., Lundberg, U., Lindgren, A., Rylander, G., Herlofson, J., Nygren, Å., & Åsberg, M. (2011) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2011.61.4.538 · Cited by 20
“Such anecdotal information is unfortunately of little scientific value, and it would have been helpful to systematically measure the processes in the two groups (Getter et al., 1992; Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
Background
Psychodynamic Techniques Related to Outcome for Anxiety Disorder Patients at Different Points in Treatment
Pitman, S. R., Slavin‐Mulford, J. M., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000137 · Cited by 20
“A more thorough description of the development, procedures, reliability, and validity of the CPPS (Hilsenroth et al., 2005) are reported elsewhere (Hilsenroth, 2007; Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Therapist adherence in individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for binge-eating disorder: Assessment, course, and predictors
Brauhardt, A., de Zwaan, M., Herpertz, S., Zipfel, S., Svaldi, J., Friederich, H., & Hilbert, A. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.014 · Cited by 21
“Evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the ACF was provided by its associationwith therapist adherence to general CBT elements and its lack of association with psychodynamicinterpersonal elements assessed with the established CPPS (Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
Background
Therapist adherence and therapeutic alliance in individual cognitive‐behavioural therapy for adolescent binge‐eating disorder
Puls, H., Schmidt, R., & Hilbert, A. (2018) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2650 · Cited by 18
Manual for transference work scale; a micro-analytical tool for therapy process analyses
Ulberg, R., Amlo, S., & Høglend, P. A. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0291-y · Cited by 17
“Some examples of process- and adherence scales are the Analytic Process Scales (APS) [9], Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS) [10], Psychotherapy Process Q-set (Q-set) [11], The Therapist Intervention Rating System (TIRS) [Piper, unpublished manual].”
Recovery from chronic depression and structural change: 5‐year outcomes after psychoanalytic and cognitive‐behavioural long‐term treatments (LAC depression study)
Beutel, M. E., Krakau, L., Kaufhold, J., Bahrke, U., Grabhorn, A., Hautzinger, M., Fiedler, M., Kallenbach, L., Ernst, M., Rüger, B., et al. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2793 · Cited by 15
Process and Technique Factors Associated with Patient Ratings of Session Safety during Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Siegel, D. F., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2013) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2013.67.3.257 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Will Patients Accept Randomization to Psychoanalysis? A Feasibility Study
Caligor, E., Hilsenroth, M. J., Devlin, M. J., Rutherford, B. R., Terry, M., & Roose, S. P. (2012) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065112442958 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Psychodynamic technique early in treatment related to outcome for depressed patients
Katz, M., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2167 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Sudden Gains and Deteriorations in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in World Trade Center Responders
Haugen, P. T., Goldman, R. E., & Owen, J. J. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000263 · Cited by 15
“To assess early treatment adherence, all therapists rated their activity using the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth et al., 2005) for the third psychotherapy session.”
Method
Theoretical Orientation and Therapists' Attitudes to Important Components of Therapy: A Study Based on the Valuable Elements in Psychotherapy Questionnaire
Larsson, B. P. M., Kaldo, V., & Broberg, A. G. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.486409 · Cited by 15
“Hilsenroth et al. (2005), however, did identify separate scales for the aforementioned items in CPPS. Interestingly, several of our items were similar to those in the CPPS, but there were also differences.”
BackgroundResult
Relational and classical elements in psychoanalyses: An empirical study with case illustrations
Waldron, S., Gazzillo, F., Genova, F., & Lingiardi, V. (2013) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033959 · Cited by 15
Research evidence on psychotherapist skills and methods: Foreword and afterword
Hill, C. E., & Norcross, J. C. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2186281 · Cited by 14
“The frequency of therapist skills and methods have also been assessed through post-session reports (e.g., Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale, Hilsenroth et al., 2005; Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions, McCarthy & Barber, 2009; Helping Skills Measure, Hill & Kellems, 2002;…”
Method
Psychoanalytische und kognitiv-behaviorale Langzeitbehandlung chronisch depressiver Patienten bei randomisierter oder präferierter Zuweisung
Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M., Hautzinger, M., Keller, W., Fiedler, G., Bahrke, U., Kallenbach, L., Kaufhold, J., Negele, A., Küchenhoff, H., Günther, F., et al. (2019) · PSYCHE · doi:10.21706/ps-73-2-77 · Cited by 14
Mentalization-enhancing therapeutic interventions in the psychotherapy of anorexia nervosa: An analysis of use and influence on patients’ mentalizing capacity
Meier, A. F., Zeeck, A., Taubner, S., Gablonski, T., Lau, I., Preiter, R., Gläser, H., Zipfel, S., Herzog, W., Wild, B., et al. (2022) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2146542 · Cited by 14
“Regarding the CBT-E condition, the lower level of MEIs may have resulted from interventions not aimed at mentalizing, like prescribing concrete behavior or homework, worksheets, and exercises within a psychotherapy session (Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
Background
Patient Crying in Psychotherapy: Who Cries and Why?
Umphlet, K. L. C., Fiori, K. L., Mullin, A. S. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1879 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Integrative dynamic treatment for comorbid depression and borderline conditions.
Hilsenroth, M. J., & Slavin‐Mulford, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/a0014317 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
In-Session-Reflective-Functioning in Anorexia Nervosa: An Analysis of Psychotherapeutic Sessions of the ANTOP Study
Zeeck, A., Taubner, S., Gablonski, T., Lau, I., Zipfel, S., Herzog, W., Wild, B., Friederich, H., Resmark, G., Giel, K. E., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814441 · Cited by 13
“CBT-E also focuses on these aforementioned themes, but probably to a lesser extent, and by using another kind of intervention (69); furthermore, in CBT-E, there is time reserved in sessions to go through homework and practical advice, which both can be assumed to prevent mentalizing.”
Background
Increasing the effectiveness of psychotherapy in routine care through blended therapy with transdiagnostic online modules (PsyTOM): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Schaeuffele, C., Heinrich, M., Behr, S., Fenski, F., Hammelrath, L., Zagorscak, P., Jansen, A., Pohl, S., Boettcher, J., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06757-0 · Cited by 15
“Furthermore, they will rate their therapist’s activity and techniques with the 20-item Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS) [49] and facilitative skills with the 7-item common factor subscale of the Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (MULTI) [50].”
Method
Comparative effectiveness of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for major depression in psychiatric outpatient clinics: a randomized controlled trial
Malkomsen, A., Wilberg, T., Bull-Hansen, B., Dammen, T., Evensen, J. H., Hummelen, B., Løvgren, A., Osnes, K., Ulberg, R., & Røssberg, J. I. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06544-6 · Cited by 25
Empirical Support for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Eating Disorders
Thompson‐Brenner, H., Weingeroff, J. L., & Westen, D. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-444-5_4 · Cited by 13
“Additional analyses of the therapy intervention questionnaire included in that study (the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale for Bulimia Nervosa; see [8, 41 ]) indicated that dynamic therapy and CBT in ED clients show identifiable distinctions, though there was considerable overlap and integration in actual pract…”
Method
Relationship Between Patient Pre‐treatment Object Relations Functioning and Psychodynamic Techniques Early in Treatment
Mullin, A. S. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1826 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Facets of Object Representation: Process and Outcome Over the Course of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Mullin, A. S. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Gold, J. R., & Farber, B. A. (2016) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1215320 · Cited by 13
“Specifically, we highlight the value in assessing object relational change (via the SCORS–G) as well as its relation to therapeutic technique (using the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale, a measure of psychotherapy technique; Blagys & Hilsenroth, 2000, 2002; Hilsenroth et al., 2005) in individual psychodynamic p…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
A bottom-up approach to assess verbal therapeutic techniques. Development of the Psychodynamic Interventions List (PIL)
Gumz, A., Neubauer, K., Horstkotte, J. K., Geyer, M. A., Löwe, B., Murray, A., & Kästner, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182949 · Cited by 13
In Context: Lessons About Adolescent Unipolar Depression From the Improving Mood With Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies Trial
Loades, M. E., Midgley, N., Herring, G. T., O’Keeffe, S., Goodyer, I. M., Barrett, B. M., Byford, S., Dubicka, B., Hill, J., Holland, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.03.017 · Cited by 13
Short-term intensive psychodynamic group therapy versus cognitive-behavioral group therapy in day treatment of anxiety disorders and comorbid depressive or personality disorders: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Suszek, H., Holas, P., Wyrzykowski, T., Lorentzen, S., & Kokoszka, A. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0827-6 · Cited by 14
“The Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS) [34] will be used for this purpose, together with ad-hoc checklists based on specific group treatment manuals.”
Method
The Ghent Psychotherapy Study: A Pragmatic, Stratified, Randomized Parallel Trial into the Differential Efficacy of Psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions in Dependent and Self-Critical Depressive Patients
Meganck, R., Desmet, M., Nieuwenhove, K. V., Smet, M. D., Hennissen, V., Truijens, F., Geest, R. D., Hermans, G., Bockting, C., Norman, U. A., et al. (2023) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000531643 · Cited by 8
The multi-level outcome study of psychoanalysis for chronically depressed patients with early trauma (MODE): rationale and design of an international multicenter randomized controlled trial
Ambresin, G., Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M., Fischmann, T., Axmacher, N., Hattingen, E., Bansal, R., & Peterson, B. S. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05287-6 · Cited by 11
“Adherence to the treatment protocol will be assessed by independent members of the research teams using the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; [120], see also [29]).”
Method
Einzel- und Paarintervention für depressive Koronarpatienten
Studiengruppe, S.-C., Fritzsche, K., Albus, C., Jordan, J., Beutel, M. E., Wiltink, J., & Herrmann‐Lingen, C. (2010) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-010-0783-2 · Cited by 11
Therapy Contamination as a Measure of Therapist Treatment Adherence in a Trial of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy versus Befriending for Psychosis
Bendall, S., Allott, K., Jovev, M., Marois, M.-J., Killackey, E. J., Gleeson, J., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., McGorry, P. D., & Jackson, H. J. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000921 · Cited by 11
Adolescent eating disorders: treatment and response in a naturalistic study
Thompson‐Brenner, H., Boisseau, C. L., & Satir, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20646 · Cited by 11
“Interrater reliability for individual items of the CPPS is good-to-excellent (Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
A time-series analysis of therapeutic alliance, interventions, and client’s clinical status in an evidence-based single-case study: Evidence for establishing change mechanisms in psychotherapy
Roussos, A., Penedo, J. M. G., & Muiños, R. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1174346 · Cited by 11
“The original instrument has shown adequate internal consistency and inter-rater reliability (Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
Background
Beliefs about emotions predict psychological stress related to somatic symptoms
Reininger, K. M., Biel, H. M., Hennig, T., Zitzmann, S., Weigel, A., Spitzer, C., Toussaint, A. C., & Löwe, B. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12438 · Cited by 12
Strengthening mentalizing in a depressed mother of an infant with sleep disorders
Georg, A. K., Kress, S., & Taubner, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22762 · Cited by 10
Versorgungsrealität bei der Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung
Kröger, C. B., Kliem, S., Sarmadi, N. B., & Kosfelder, J. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000020 · Cited by 10
PsyCARE study: assessing impact, cost-effectiveness, and transdiagnostic factors of the Italian ministry of health’s “psychological bonus” policy
Benzi, I. M. A., Compare, A., Tona, A. L., Nuovo, S. D., Lazzari, D., Lingiardi, V., Coco, G. L., & Parolin, L. A. L. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01345-6 · Cited by 9
“The Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS) [55] is a 20-item self-report measure that can be used by clinicians, patients, or external observers, to assess the therapist’s techniques during a session highlighting psychodynamic-interpersonal techniques (PI; include psychodynamic, psychodynamic-interpersonal, an…”
Background
The Role of Theory-Specific Techniques and Therapeutic Alliance in Promoting Positive Outcomes
Haugen, P. T., Werth, A. S., Foster, A. L., & Owen, J. J. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000631 · Cited by 9
“, 2013), and previous research has found that clients are able to distinguish between PI and CB interventions on the CPPS (DeFife et al., 2008; Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
20/20 Hindsight: A 25-year programme at the Anna Freud Centre of efficacy and effectiveness research on child psychoanalytic psychotherapy
Target, M. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1349351 · Cited by 9
Psychoanalytic Techniques in Different Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapies – An Analysis of Therapists’ Self-Reports
Henkel, M., Zimmermann, J., & Benecke, C. (2018) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2018.64.3.237 · Cited by 9
Therapist interventions in short-term dynamic psychotherapy: six expert treatments
Town, J. M., McCullough, L., & Hardy, G. E. (2011) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2011.621518 · Cited by 9
“Subsequent studies have shown that patients were more likely to rate the type of responses their therapist used in psychodynamic therapy as PI than CB (Hilsenroth, Blagys, Ackerman, Bonge, & Blais, 2005 ) and undergraduate students could distinguish videotapes of PI from CB therapies (Defife, Hilsenroth, & Gold, 2008…”
Background
The MATRIX, a novel tool exploring dynamic psychotherapy: Preliminary psychometric properties
Mendlovic, S., Doron, A., Saad, A., Atzil–Slonim, D., Mar'I, S., Bloch, Y., & Yehuda, A. B. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.047 · Cited by 8
“…on the therapists' techniques (for example, the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth et al., 2005), the Interpretive and Supportive Technique Scale (ISTS; Ogrodniczuk and Piper, 1999), the Multitheoretical List of…”
Method
Oriented mentalization-based treatment for borderline personality disorder patients: preliminary results at Camposampiero Mental Health Center
Carrera, S., Pandolfi, G., Cappelletti, J. Y., Padoani, W., & Salcuni, S. (2018) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2018.336 · Cited by 7
Process Measures for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Siefert, C. J., DeFife, J. A., & Baity, M. R. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-444-5_7 · Cited by 8
“The CPPS can be used to broadly classify a given psychotherapy session, assess the degree to which a therapist made use of PI and/or CB techniques, examine the effects of specific PI or CB interventions [18], and compare the use of various techniques within CB or PI psychotherapies [ 14 ].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Acceptance and commitment therapy for mild traumatic brain injury (ACTion-mTBI): a quasiexperimental feasibility study
Faulkner, J., Prouty, D., Devlin, L., Appleton, D., Roche, M., Below, K., Moffat, J., Snell, D., Williams, M. N., Barker-Collo, S., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089727 · Cited by 7
Object representation quality, therapeutic alliance, and psychotherapy process
Sanders, A., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Fowler, J. C. (2014) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2014.78.3.197 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Protocol for the implementation of a stepped-care model to address fear of cancer recurrence in patients previously diagnosed with early-stage (0–II) melanoma
Thompson, J., Smith, A. L., Lo, S., Kasparian, N. A., Saw, R. P. M., Dieng, M., Seaman, L., Martin, L. K., Guitera, P., Milne, D., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054337 · Cited by 7
Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS): analysis of the validity and reliability of the Spanish adaptation / Escala Comparativa del Proceso Psicoterapéutico (CPPS): análisis de la validez y confiabilidad de su adaptación al castellano
Penedo, J. M. G., Barrientos, J.-C., Martínez, A., & Roussos, A. (2016) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2016.1189207 · Cited by 8
“A diferencia de otros métodos, la CPPS no fue creada para estudiar la adherencia a una terapia o manual específico, sino que se desarrolló como un instrumento que puede ser aplicado a diferentes tratamientos naturales (Hilsenroth et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The systematic use of homework in psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: An assimilative integration approach.
Nelson, D. L., & Castonguay, L. G. (2017) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000063 · Cited by 7
“…substance abuse or dependence, (b) a history of psychotic symptoms, and (c) a previous treatment of adequate length (defined as at least 12 sessions) of psychodynamic therapy (assessed using the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale [CPPS], Hilsenroth et al., 2005) within the past five years.”
Method
LAC-Depressionsstudie
Beutel, M. E., Bahrke, U., Fiedler, M., Hautzinger, M., Kallenbach, L., Kaufhold, J., Keller, W., Negele, A., Rüger, B., Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M., et al. (2016) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-016-0144-x · Cited by 7
Expert clinicians’ prototypes of an adolescent treatment: Common and unique factors among four treatment models
Goodman, G., Calderón, A., & Midgley, N. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.2001603 · Cited by 7
“Convergent and discriminant validity with the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPSS; Hilsenroth et al., 2005) was also established (Calderón et al., 2017).”
Background

Authors: Hilsenroth, M. J., Blagys, M. D., Ackerman, S. J., Bonge, D. R., & Blais, M. A.
Affiliations: Adelphi University (US)
Austen Riggs Center (US)
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (US)
Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
ORCID: Hilsenroth, Mark J.
Blais, Mark A.
Venue: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2005
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 340-356
ISSN: 0033-3204 (ISSN-L)
1939-1536
DOI: 10.1037/0033-3204.42.3.340
OpenAlex: W2060616731
Cited by: 188
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 5.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy, psychotherapy outcome assessment, scale development

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Measuring Psychodynamic-Interpersonal and Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Development of the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks