The DOI matches its Crossref record; 120 of the 120 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relapse and maintenance issues for smoking cessation
Abstract
This article reviews short-term (6 months) and longer term (12-24 months) maintenance of cessation and relapse in adult smokers and the factors and treatments that affect these outcomes. MedLine and PsycLIT searches were done for research published in English between 1988 and 1998 meeting a defined set of criteria. Intensive intervention, telephone counseling, and use of pharmacotherapy were found to improve outcomes; however, compared with public health approaches, they reach relatively few smokers. Brief interventions during medical visits are cost-effective and could potentially reach most smokers but are not consistently delivered. Predictors of relapse include slips, younger age, nicotine dependence, low self-efficacy, weight concerns, and previous quit attempts. Potential areas for research, recommendations for longer follow-up assessments, and standard definitions for slip, relapse, and long-term maintenance are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although many factors influence ongoing nicotine dependence, relapse to smoking is highly correlated with the severity of withdrawal symptoms present during abstinence (Ockene et al., 2000;Krall et al., 2002).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Ockene et al., 2000
Citations
Cites
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Cooper, T. (1976) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/141.8.521 · Cited by 4,617
(1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,438
Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.
Heidel, R. E. (1991) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1971966 · Cited by 3,162
A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation
Jorenby, D. E., Leischow, S. J., Nides, M. A., Rennard, S. I., Johnston, J. A., Hughes, A. R., Smith, S. S., Muramoto, M. L., Daughton, D. M., Doan, K., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903043400903 · Cited by 1,585
A Comparison of Sustained-Release Bupropion and Placebo for Smoking Cessation
Hurt, R. D., Sachs, D. P. L., Glover, E. D., Offord, K. P., Johnston, J. A., Dale, L. C., Khayrallah, M. A., Schroeder, D. R., Glover, P. N., Sullivan, C. R., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199710233371703 · Cited by 1,262
Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General.
Heidel, R. E. (1989) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1973420 · Cited by 1,186
Welfare., E. (1964) · Cited by 1,115
Smoking cessation and severity of weight gain in a national cohort.
Williamson, D. F., Madans, J., Anda, R., Kleinman, J., Giovino, G., & Byers, T. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199103143241106 · Cited by 857
The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine
Corrigall, W. A., Franklin, K. B. J., Coen, K. M., & Clarke, P. B. S. (1992) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245149 · Cited by 829
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., Velicer, W. F., & Rossi, J. S. (1993) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.12.5.399 · Cited by 760
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–337 of 337
Sallit, J. (2008) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi10022547
“Not only is there difficulty in recruiting and retaining individuals in smoking interventions (McIntosh et al., 2000) but those who do join have low long-term success rates (Jeffery et al., 2000; Ockene et al., 2000), especially if they are weight- 1 concerned smokers.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Resolution of Hate: A Meaning Centered Analysis
Daniels, J. M. (2008)
Outcome Milestones in Smoking Cessation: An Organizational Framework
Scharf, D. M. (2005) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Disinhibition and alcohol consumption
Jones, A. (2013) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/00009153
Bronars, C. A. (2011) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
García‐Vera, M. P., & Sanz, J. (2006) · Complutensian Scientific Journals (Complutense University of Madrid) · doi:10.5209/rev_psic.2006.v3.n2.16688
Cuc, A., Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B., Ruiz, J. J., & Voluse, A. C. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.901385
Neighborhood Influences on Health among Black and White Adults
Bromell, L. (2011) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Moore, S., & Stewart, S. (2014)
Bachmann, M., Znoj, H., & Brodbeck, J. (2009) · Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern)
Physical Health Issues for Women
Porzelius, L. K. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47185-x_11
Current strategies for cessation of smoking for head and neck cancer patients
Collins, S. L. (2002) · Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1097/00020840-200204000-00002
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Active Smoking and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A
Clair, C., Bodenmann, P., & Ghali, W. A. (2010)
Duffy, S. A., Munger, A., Karvonen-Gutierrez, C. A., & Piette, J. D. (2012)
Drozd, F. (2007) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
THÈSE POUR LE DIPLÔME D'ÉTAT DE
Médecine, D. E. (2007)
Mandujano, J. L., & Betanzos, F. G. (2009)
Tambakis, G., Darby, J., & Jiwa, M. (2017) · The Journal of Health Design · doi:10.21853/jhd.2017.20
“They are less successful at quitting compared to older smokers and underutilise evidencebased smoking cessation interventions.(5,6) Given these difficulties, clinicians must find innovative ways to engage young people in smoking cessation.”
BackgroundSmoking Cessation: A Human Factors Solution Approach
McGrath, K. A. (2017) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-4997
“Smoking relapse has been given many definitions in the realm of smoking cessation research (Ockene et al., 2000), but Shiffman et al.”
BackgroundTuovinen, E.-L. (2018) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Four Patients With Different Characteristics in Smoking and Cessation-Case Series
Ünal, M., Öztürk, O., Selçuk, M. Y., & Yalçın, B. M. (2018) · Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care · doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.465776
Six Month Abstinence Heterogeneity in the Best Quit Study
Javitz, H. S., Bush, T. M., Lovejoy, J. C., Torres, A. J., Wetzel, T., Wassum, K., Tan, M. M., Alshurafa, N. I., & Spring, B. J. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz014
Masetti, V., Hadj-Henni, L., Rouger, G., Bacha, M. B., & Kechid, L. (2021) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.02.021
Best Predictors of a Person's Long-Term Success with Quitting Tobacco
Villar, N.-T. P. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
van Osch, L. (2009) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20090515lo
Mental Illness and Tobacco Usage
Asharani, P. V., & Subramaniam, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67928-6_41-1
Elfeddali, I. (2013) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20130627ie
Kalamarides, S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-2-287-79501-5_12
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21833-0.16001-2
Bock, B. C., & Becker, B. M. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-351-4_26
Tian, J., Kundu, A., Schwartz, R. D., & Chaiton, M. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108754
Pokhrel, P., Kawamoto, C. T., Phillips, K. T., & Herzog, T. A. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108797
Effects of Changes in Risk Attitude on Individuals’ Health-Related and Financial Decision MakingPreprint
Jaeger, V. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2634989
Metadata
- Authors
- Ockene, J. K., Mermelstein, R. J., Bonollo, D. S., Emmons, K. M., Perkins, K. A., Voorhees, C. C., & Hollis, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1, Suppl
- Pages
- 17-31
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2096002727
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 6.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- smoking cessation, relapse, long-term maintenance, nicotine dependence, self-efficacy, slip, telephone counseling, pharmacotherapy, brief intervention, public health approach, predictors of relapse, cost-effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Counseling, Follow-Up Studies, Health Promotion, Humans, Life Style, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Recurrence, Health Behavior, Smoking Cessation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
