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An early and a late developing system for learning and retention in infant monkeys
Abstract
On the evidence that memory formation and habit formation represent two qualitatively different learning processes based on separate neural mechanisms, the functional development of these two processes was followed ontogenetically. Separate groups of rhesus monkeys of different ages were tested in delayed nonmatching-to-sample and 24-hr concurrent discrimination learning, considered to be measures of recognition memory and discrimination habit formation, respectively. The youngest group of infant monkeys failed to learn the nonmatching task until they were approximately 4 months old. With further maturation, learning ability on this task gradually improved, yet it did not reach adult levels of proficiency even at 1 year of age. Postlearning evaluation with long delays and lists confirmed this slow ontogenetic development of recognition memory to adult levels of function. By contrast, infant monkeys 3-4 months old learned to discriminate long lists of object-pairs about as quickly as adult monkeys despite the use of 24-hr intertrial intervals. This striking dissociation in the ability of infants on the two tasks closely resembles the dissociation first found in adult monkeys rendered amnesic by limbic lesions. The results suggest that whereas the nonlimbic habit system matures early in infancy, the limbic-dependent memory system develops only slowly.
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“A key development was the demonstration that infantile amnesia is not restricted to human infants; rather, it is a biologically determined developmental milestone demonstrated in rats (102) and other altricial species (103, 104).”
From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [103]
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Rosenzweig, M. R. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-268330-5.50019-6 · Cited by 3
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Ramsaran, A. I., & Frankland, P. W. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adw1923 · Cited by 2
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Kraemer, P. J., Miller, J. S., Jagielo, J. A., et al. (1992) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03332051 · Cited by 1
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(2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/9781394259083.refs
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Stress reactivity and attachment security
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bachevalier, J., & Mishkin, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 1984
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 770-778
- ISSN
- 0735-7044 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0084
- OpenAlex
- W2051119772
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- ontogeny, recognition memory, discrimination learning, habit formation, delayed nonmatching-to-sample, rhesus monkeys, infant monkeys, limbic system, amnesia, memory retention, neuronal maturation
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Amnesia, Animals, Discrimination Learning, Habits, Humans, Learning, Macaca mulatta, Memory, Retention, Psychology, Visual Perception
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