The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Trauma-focused imaginal exposure for individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence: Revealing mechanisms of alcohol craving in a cue reactivity paradigm.
Abstract
With a sample (N = 43) of participants meeting current diagnostic criteria for both alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the authors tested the hypothesis that alcohol craving elicited by a trauma cue might be attenuated if trauma-elicited negative emotion were reduced following trauma-focused imaginal exposure. In a laboratory-based experiment, participants were randomly assigned to either trauma-focused imaginal exposure or imagery-based relaxation. A cue reactivity paradigm was used to assess alcohol craving prior to, and after completion of, the 6 clinical sessions. Attrition was high but did not differ between experimental conditions. For study completers, PTSD symptoms decreased in the exposure condition but not in the relaxation condition. Alcohol craving and distress elicited by trauma images decreased in the exposure condition but did not change in the relaxation condition. Results support the hypothesis that negative emotion is a mechanism of alcohol craving.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, there is evidence that stress cues similarly elicit craving by inducing anxiety (Coffey, Stasiewicz, Hughes, & Brimo, 2006; Fox, Bergquist, Hong, & Sinha, 2007; Sinha & Li, 2007; Sinha et al., 2009; 2003).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Coffey, Stasiewicz, Hughes, & Brimo, 2006
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106 · Cited by 5,024
Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33 · Cited by 2,162
Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale—Revised
Creamer, M., Bell, R., & Failla, S. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.010 · Cited by 1,947
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868
Freeman, A. M. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n1112 · Cited by 1,667
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-6366 · Cited by 1,627
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–173 of 173
DeGrace, S., Romero‐Sanchiz, P., Yakovenko, I., Barrett, S. P., Tibbo, P. G., Cosman, T., Atasoy, P., & Stewart, S. H. (2023) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1979 · Cited by 12
“…‐ session CRP protocol is valid and well ‐ established in the trauma and addictions field (see review by DeGrace et al., 2022), high attrition rates (i.e., participants failing to return for the cue exposure session after the initial interview) are difficult to avoid (e.g., Coffey et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMahoney, C. T., Livingston, N. A., Wong, M. M.-H., Rosen, R. C., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2020) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000569 · Cited by 12
Jennings, A. N., Soder, H. E., Wardle, M. C., Schmitz, J. M., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1819865 · Cited by 12
Ready, D. J., Vega, E. M., Worley, V., & Bradley, B. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21734 · Cited by 11
Luciano, M. T., McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E., Acuff, S. F., Bellet, B. W., Tripp, J. C., & Murphy, J. G. (2018) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000378 · Cited by 12
“…of existing literature on sequential treatments for comorbid PTSD and alcohol misuse, which generally rejects the idea that focusing treatment on alcohol misuse contributes to meaningful PTSD symptom reduction (e.g., Back, Brady, Sonne, & Verduin, 2006; Coffey et al., 2006; Hien et al., 2010).”
BackgroundWebber, H. E., Kessler, D. A., Lathan, E. C., Wardle, M. C., Green, C. E., Schmitz, J. M., Lane, S. D., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108929 · Cited by 10
Written Disclosure Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Substance Use Disorder Inpatients
Bragdon, R. A., & Lombardo, T. W. (2012) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445512451273 · Cited by 10
Banerjee, N., Ironson, G. H., Fitch, C., Boroughs, M., Safren, S. A., Powell, A. R., & O’Cleirigh, C. M. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22304 · Cited by 10
Lyons, R. C., Haller, M. M., Rivera, G. L., & Norman, S. B. (2020) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2020.1741754 · Cited by 10
“Although imaginal exposure (Coffey et al., 2006) and a modified version of Prolonged Exposure (e.”
BackgroundFarrelly, K. N., Romero‐Sanchiz, P., Mahu, T., Barrett, S. P., Collins, P. S., Rasic, D. T., & Stewart, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22715 · Cited by 12
Ralevski, E., Newcomb, J., Pisani, E., DeNegre, D., Peltier, M. R., Jane, J. S., Yoon, G., & Petrakis, I. L. (2023) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2023.2294989 · Cited by 9
“Similarly, compared to individuals without comorbid disorders, individuals with dual diagnosis of AUD and PTSD report increased levels of stress and craving for alcohol after exposure to stress-inducing cues (Chaplin et al., 2010; Coffey et al., 2002, 2006).”
BackgroundPotthast, N., Neuner, F., & Catani, C. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.004 · Cited by 9
Goldstein, S. C., Schick, M. R., Weyandt, L. L., Sullivan, T. P., Cadely, H. S., & Weiss, N. H. (2022) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000543 · Cited by 10
“This criterion reduces risk for intoxication and acute withdrawal (see Coffey et al., 2011; Coffey et al., 2006).”
Humphreys, K. L., Foley, K. M., Feinstein, B. A., Marx, B. P., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (2011) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0022644 · Cited by 9
Negative affect and alcohol craving in trauma‐exposed young adult drinkers
Berenz, E. C., Zakeri, S. E., Demos, A. P., Paltell, K. C., Bing‐Canar, H., Kevorkian, S. S., & Ranney, R. M. (2021) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14641 · Cited by 9
“In line with this assumption, PTSD treatment (e.g., exposure therapy) decreases trauma cue–elicited craving and salivation (Coffey et al., 2006; Nosen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTraumatic Event Exposure and Alcohol Use Expectancies among Adolescents
Blumenthal, H., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Knapp, A. A., Badour, C. L., & Boals, A. (2015) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2013.839407 · Cited by 9
“These preliminary data add to extant work suggesting that trauma exposure marks risk for drinking to reduce negative affectivity (e.g., Coffey et al., 2006), and are the first to examine positive AOEs among trauma-exposed adolescents.”
ResultDeGrace, S., Romero‐Sanchiz, P., Standage, C., & Stewart, S. H. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.103816 · Cited by 7
Smith, R. C., Feldner, M. T., & Badour, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.011310 · Cited by 7
Estrés postraumático en escolares a 8 meses del 27F
Briceño, A. M., Marcela Abufhele, M., Anamaría Dávila, D., Barreau, M., V, Katerina Sommer, A., Sonia Castro, M., Carolina Ebel, F., Sandra Oltra, H., Marcela Aravena, P., Claudio Melo, A., et al. (2013) · Revista chilena de pediatría · doi:10.4067/s0370-41062013000100005 · Cited by 7
Alcohol Craving and Psychiatric Disorders Among Current Drinkers
Yoon, G., Thompson, K., Hakes, J. K., Westermeyer, J. J., Petrakis, I. L., & Kim, S. W. (2020) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13083 · Cited by 7
Pharmacological treatments for co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders: A systematic review
Swannell, M., Bradlow, R. C. J., Pham, D., Gabriel, J., Manahan, Y., & Arunogiri, S. (2024) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2024.209601 · Cited by 7
Efficacy of Treating Sexual Trauma in a Substance Abuse Residential Program for Women
Hemma, G., McNab, A., & Katz, L. S. (2017) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-017-9365-8 · Cited by 7
Stability of trauma-related symptoms during acute substance use treatment
Herzog, E., Odenwald, M. G., Proescholdt, M. G., Haubold, A., Bohnacker, I., Flögel, M., Linde, A., Müller, S., Wiesbeck, G. A., Lang, U. E., et al. (2015) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2015.1127718 · Cited by 6
“The stability of re-experiencing symptoms, which are likely associated with negative emotion, may be a factor leading to craving and relapse in affected patients.(6,7)”
BackgroundKehle‐Forbes, S., Drapkin, M. L., Foa, E. B., Koffel, E., Lynch, K. G., Polusny, M. A., Horn, D. H. A. V., Yusko, D. A., Charlesworth, M. J., Blasco, M., et al. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2016.07.017 · Cited by 7
“integrated treatment) will allow symptoms to improve in concert, yielding optimal outcomes as compared to addressing the conditions one at a time [12,32].”
Schäfer, I., Barnow, S., & Pawils, S. (2016) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · Cited by 6
Diagnostik und Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung
Schäfer, I., Ehring, T. W., Knaevelsrud, C., Maercker, A. R. A., Michael, T., & Schellong, J. (2020) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-020-00459-1 · Cited by 6
“…Bezug auf die PTBS-Symptomatik zeigten als andere manualisierte Behandlungsansätze, z. B. Rückfallpräventionstraining,warentraumafokussierte Interventionen ineinemTeil der Studien den jeweiligen Kontrollbehandlungen überlegen (z. B. Coffey et al. 2006, 2016; Mills et al. 2012; van Dam et al. 2013).”
BackgroundEffects of bodily arousal on desire to drink alcohol among trauma-exposed college students
Kearns, N. T., Blumenthal, H., Contractor, A. A., Guillot, C. R., & Rafiuddin, H. S. (2021) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.07.002 · Cited by 7
Substance Abuse and Anxiety Disorders: The Case of Social Anxiety Disorder and PTSD
Ham, L. S., Connolly, K. M., Milner, L. A., Lovett, D. E., & Feldner, M. T. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7_18 · Cited by 4
Potthast, N., Neuner, F., & Catani, C. (2017) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2324-8 · Cited by 4
“Findings of laboratory-based experimental investigations suggest that trauma-related cues are able to increase craving, presumably by eliciting negative emotions [6, 7].”
BackgroundSubstanzbezogene Störungen und traumatische Erfahrungen in der Kindheit
Wieland, N., & Klein, M. C. (2018) · Suchttherapie · doi:10.1055/a-0582-1751 · Cited by 4
“Weiter-hin spricht für die Selbstmedikationshypothese, dass nach erfolg-ter Expositionstherapie suchterkrankte PTBS-Patienten weniger Suchtverlangen (Craving) verspüren wenn sie traumabezogenen Reizen ausgesetzt sind [60].”
Harlé, K. M., Simmons, A. N., Norman, S. B., & Spadoni, A. D. (2020) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111172 · Cited by 5
“While most evidenced-based treatments for PTSD aim to reduce anticipatory negative emotion associated with trauma, exposure-based treatments appear particularly effective at decreasing traumatic cue reactivity, particularly in individuals with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders (Coffey et al., 2006; Nosen e…”
BackgroundKaysen, D. L., Jaffe, A. E., Shoenberger, B., Walton, T., Pierce, A. R., & Walker, D. D. (2022) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.22-00011 · Cited by 4
Emotion Dysregulation: A Predictor for CBT Treatment Outcomes in a Comorbid PTSD and Sud Population
Wallach, J. R., & Hien, D. A. (2014) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e547812014-001 · Cited by 4
Trauma cue-elicited emotional response profiles influence acute experiences of alcohol urge
Rodriguez, L., & Read, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101772 · Cited by 3
Discrimination, Stress and Reactivity to Alcohol Cues
Stepanova, E. V., Echevarria, D. J., Collier, A. D., Cruz, C. S., Kirkland, N., & Drobes, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.10.836 · Cited by 3
Avny, S. B. (2014) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/pj6j-j630
“Recently, researchers have begun to examine effective treatment(s) for this population, and have found that treating both disorders concurrently is most effective in minimizing the negative effects of one disorder on the other (Back, Brady, Sonne et al., 2006; Coffey et al., 2006; Petrakis, Poling, Levinson et al., 20…”
BackgroundBogenschutz, M. P., Blessing, E., Dgheim, D., Cho, D., Zhang, J., LASKA, E. M., & Marmar, C. R. (2025) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.70212 · Cited by 2
DeGrace, S., Tibbo, P. G., Pilin, M. A., Krank, M. D., O’Connor, R. M., Wardell, J. D., Keough, M. T., Snooks, T., Trottier, S.-J., & Stewart, S. H. (2024) · Cannabis · doi:10.26828/cannabis/2024/000262 · Cited by 2
“…session online trauma expressive writing CRP had a methodological purpose, as it could help mitigate the attrition common to CRP studies conducted in person across two sessions (Coffey et al., 2006) and permitted acquisition of a larger sample to increase power to detect potential interactions.”
Beyond Either/Or: The Next Chapter in PTSD and Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment Research
Hien, D. N., & López‐Castro, T. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20250120 · Cited by 2
Baker, A., Morrison, J. A., & Coffey, S. F. (2011) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650111429376 · Cited by 2
Self-citationGulliyev, C., Kalkan, Ö., Tekin, K., Tuna, Z. O., & Ögel, K. (2020) · Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5455/apd.14413 · Cited by 2
Vujanovic, A. A., Webber, H. E., Wardle, M. C., Green, C. E., Lane, S. D., & Schmitz, J. M. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107211 · Cited by 2
The development and initial validation of the Trauma-Related Alcohol Use Coping Measure (TRAC).
Lebeaut, A., Zegel, M., Steinberg, L., Zvolensky, M. J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2023) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000974 · Cited by 2
Behandlung der PTBS bei Erwachsenen
Augsburger, M., Bering, R., Böttche, M., Ehring, T. W., Frommberger, U., Gast, U., Hecker, T., Hoffmann, A., Kleim, B., Knaevelsrud, C., et al. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59783-5_2 · Cited by 1
Zaso, M. J., Fetkenhour, L. M., Park, Y., Simpson, T. L., Chung, T. A., Colder, C. R., Dvorak, R. D., & Read, J. P. (2024) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000535 · Cited by 1
Ethier-Gagnon, M. A., DeGrace, S., Romero‐Sanchiz, P., Helmick, C. A., Tibbo, P. G., Crocker, C. E., Good, K., Rudnick, A., Cosman, T., Barrett, S. P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.250064 · Cited by 1
Zahradnik, M. (2011) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada) · Cited by 1
Lotzin, A., & Schäfer, I. (2025) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911/a000946 · Cited by 1
Tapia, G., Marquebieille, C., Delile, J., Othily, E., & Perez-Dandieu, B. (2017) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.07.001 · Cited by 1
“Dans ce cas, et comme de plus en plus d’auteurs le suggèrent (Back et al., 2006 ; Brady et al., 2001 ; Coffey et al., 2006 ; Hien et al., 2010 ; Ouimette et al., 2003), nous avons pris le parti de traiter l’évènement traumatogène en première instance.”
BackgroundSouza, T. M. (2011) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University) · Cited by 1
Kvinnor med substansmissbruk och psykisk ohälsa
Olausson, S. (2008) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 1
Hollett, R. C. (2015) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 1
Saile, R. (2015) · PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) · Cited by 1
Dolan, J. (2012) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) · Cited by 1
Alcohol-related cognitions: the role of positive and negative reinforcement
Stevens, A. (2016) · Figshare
Rauen, M. (2017) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Curran, D. B. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1002/9781118489710.ch8
Predicting outcomes of trauma-exposed women in substance use treatment programs
Combs, E. M., & NC DOCKS at Western Carolina University (2018) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
Behandlung von riskantem, schädlichem und abhängigem Alkoholgebrauch
Kiefer, F., Hoffmann, S., Arens, J., Beutel, M., Bilke-Hentsch, O., Bischof, G., Bonnet, U., Bumb, J. M., Demmel, R., Diestelkamp, S., et al. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63677-0_3
Psychiatric Disturbances of Attention
Cohen, R. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72639-7_17
Julian, K. M., & Allbaugh, L. J. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2338412
“80 Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for PTSD can help to challenge and modify shame and guilt cognitions related to childhood maltreatment and subsequent alcohol use.”
Delivering CPT in the Context of Substance Use Disorders
Kehle‐Forbes, S., Davis, B. C., Williams, A., & Christ, N. M. (2025) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87356-0_5
Reid, M. R., Apana, N., Kim, S., & Helm, S. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2026.209906
A topic model analysis of dually diagnosed Veterans’ Written Exposure Therapy (WET) narratives
Shaw, M., Shaw, T. J., Jones, K. R., & Holohan, D. R. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2623933
DeGrace, S., Smith, M. M., Ethier-Gagnon, M. A., Cosman, T., Sherry, S., Romero‐Sanchiz, P., Bird, B. M., Tibbo, P. G., Yakovenko, I., & Stewart, S. H. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2645996
Metadata
- Authors
- Coffey, S. F., Stasiewicz, P. R., Hughes, P. M., & Brimo, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- ORCID
- Stasiewicz, Paul R.
- Venue
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 425-435
- ISSN
- 0893-164X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1501
- OpenAlex
- W2081541741
- Semantic Scholar
- 9abb540d1db2654567f1f105ab47130d68ead760
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA13308)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, alcohol craving, cue reactivity, negative emotions, comorbidities, PTSD treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcoholism, Arousal, Cues, Desensitization, Psychologic, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Pain Measurement, Patient Dropouts, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review