The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Publication Bias in Research Synthesis: Sensitivity Analysis Using A Priori Weight Functions.
Abstract
Publication bias, sometimes known as the "file-drawer problem" or "funnel-plot asymmetry," is common in empirical research. The authors review the implications of publication bias for quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis) and describe existing techniques for detecting and correcting it. A new approach is proposed that is suitable for application to meta-analytic data sets that are too small for the application of existing methods. The model estimates parameters relevant to fixed-effects, mixed-effects or random-effects meta-analysis contingent on a hypothetical pattern of bias that is fixed independently of the data. The authors illustrate this approach for sensitivity analysis using 3 data sets adapted from a commonly cited reference work on research synthesis (H. M. Cooper & L. V. Hedges, 1994).
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In the citing paper
“To evaluate publication bias, selection modeling was used. This approach used a weight function model created by Vevea and Woods [44], implemented through the weightr package.”
From Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots as Therapeutic Tools: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Role in Reducing Mental Health Issues (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“confirming evidence of selection bias.”
From Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots as Therapeutic Tools: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Role in Reducing Mental Health Issues (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“After adjustment for potential selection bias, the two-step model (P value cutpoints=.025, .50, 1) yielded a smaller and nonsignificant change in the pooled effect (g=0.54, SE=0.26, z=2.10; P=.04, 95% CI 0.04, 1.04).”
From Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots as Therapeutic Tools: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Role in Reducing Mental Health Issues (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The unadjusted model (k=44) estimated a pooled effect size of g=0.41 (SE=0.10, z=4.24; P<.001, 95% CI 0.22, 0.60).”
From Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots as Therapeutic Tools: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Role in Reducing Mental Health Issues (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“studies with P<.025* were about 3.54 times more likely to be included than those with larger P values”
From Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots as Therapeutic Tools: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Role in Reducing Mental Health Issues (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“suggesting moderate publication bias favoring statistically significant findings”
From Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots as Therapeutic Tools: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Role in Reducing Mental Health Issues (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The likelihood ratio test comparing adjusted and unadjusted models was significant (χ²2=11.25, P=.004)”
From Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots as Therapeutic Tools: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Role in Reducing Mental Health Issues (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Vevea and Woods’ (2005) selection model calculated a similar estimate (g¯ = 0.119).”
From Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Vevea and Woods’ (2005)
In the citing paper
“The selection model estimate was g¯ = 0.039.”
From Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Vevea and Woods’ (2005)
In the citing paper
“Vevea and Woods’ (2005) selection model calculated a more conservative estimate (g¯ = 0.126).”
From Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Vevea and Woods’ (2005)
In the citing paper
“Vevea and Woods’ (2005) selection model yielded a similar estimate (g¯ = -0.002).”
From Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Vevea and Woods’ (2005)
In the citing paper
“Sensitivity analysis (Vevea and Woods 2005) was also conducted to evaluate and account for the level of publication bias.”
From A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Vevea and Woods 2005
In the citing paper
“Although the result of Kendall's tau is non-significant, in view of the small number of studies included in the metaanalysis, publication bias cannot be rejected and therefore a sensitivity analysis (Vevea and Woods, 2005) was conducted to estimate and account for the likelihood of publication bias.”
From A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Vevea and Woods, 2005
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“Second, we used Vevea and Woods (2005) ’ s sensitivity analysis with a priori weight functions to empirically evaluate publication bias.”
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“Publication bias was assessed employing funnel plot as well as Vevea and Woods (2005) sensitivity analysis with a priori weight function.”
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MethodAmbrosini, E., Benavides‐Varela, S., Visalli, A., Viviani, G., & Montefinese, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1435338 · Cited by 3
“We then performed a frequentist meta-analysis using a two-sided selection model with one-tailed p -value cutoffs of 0.05 and 0.1 to evaluate the presence of heterogeneity and to evaluate and correct for the impact of selection bias around statistical significance (Vevea and Woods, 2005).”
InfluentialPublication Bias in Meta-Analyses from Psychology and Medicine: A Meta-Meta-AnalysisPreprint
van Aert, R. C. M., Wicherts, J. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017) · MetArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31222/osf.io/czdp3 · Cited by 4
Siegel, M., Legler, M., Neziraj, F., Goldberg, A. E., & Zemp, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a35cy · Cited by 3
Taylor, G., Sala, G., Kołak, J., Gerhardstein, P. C., & Lingwood, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aqzuv · Cited by 3
Wang, X., Long, Y., Zhang, N., Wang, X., Guo, Q., Ya, D., Huang, J., & Du, L. (2024) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02381-5 · Cited by 2
The Relation Between Psychopathy and Sexual Aggression: A Meta‐Analysis
West, M. P., Du, T. V., Til, K. V., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2025) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.70017 · Cited by 2
Spiele, S., Janssen, J. J. H. M., Schildkamp, K., & Poortman, C. L. (2025) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2025.101528 · Cited by 16
Garrido, D., Gómez-Pérez, M. M., Petrova, D., Catena, A., & García‐Retamero, R. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202876 · Cited by 2
Yan, Z., Lao, H., Panadero, E., & Fernández-Castilla, B. (2026) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2026.2681630 · Cited by 5
“In those cases, we applied the selection model of Vevea and Woods (2005) to get an overall effect size corrected by publication bias.”
InfluentialVahey, N. A., Nicholson, E., & Barnes‐Holmes, Y. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102016 · Cited by 2
Peer Support and Community Engagement Interventions for Chinese Shidu Parents: A Meta-Analysis
Wang, H., Wang, F. Y., & Ji, X. (2025) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315251329520 · Cited by 2
“Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and the sensitivity analysis method proposed by Vevea and Woods (2005), with an a priori weight function.”
Replicability and Meta-Analysis
Schauer, J. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04968-2_14 · Cited by 3
PROTOCOL: Domestic abuse interventions for mothers in or exiting prison: An evidence and gap map
Rogers, M. M., Lockwood, K., Speake, B., & Campbell, F. (2023) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1313 · Cited by 1
Search for Best Available Evidence
Macgowan, M. J. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183450.003.0003 · Cited by 2
Plausibility and influence in selection models: A comment on Citkowicz and Vevea (2017).
Hedges, L. V. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000108 · Cited by 2
Hassouna, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20758-7_6 · Cited by 2
Dissertation R.C.M. van AertPreprint
van Aert, R. C. M. (2018) · MetArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31222/osf.io/eqhjd · Cited by 3
A Meta-Meta-Analysis of Behavior Change Interventions: Two Tales of Behavior ChangePreprint
Kaiser, T., Kloidt, J., Mata, J., & Hertwig, R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5251012 · Cited by 2
Powell, K. S., Lim, E., & Sass, M. (2024) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.2024.2309419 · Cited by 1
“…value bias) adjusted models as an indication of publication bias, instead of using the fail-safe N method which has been criticized by past research that recommends finding alternative tests of publication bias (Becker 2005; Vevea and Woods 2005; Jin, Zhou, and He 2014; van Aert and Niemeyer 2022).”
Scotta, A. V., Barral, P. E., Farre, A., & Soria, E. A. (2024) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1434 · Cited by 1
“…study sample ‐ size, substantial homogeneity, and lack of questionable research practices are found in primary studies in accordance with Carter et al. (2019), a three ‐ parameter selection model will be applied to assess potential publication bias (Carter et al., 2019; Vevea & Woods, 2005).”
ResultStatistical Power: How Not to Miss What’s Right in Front of You
Buchanan, E. M. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009000796.012 · Cited by 1
Ignoring criticisms of meta-analyses and systematic reviews is a risky strategy
Baveye, P. C. (2025) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-025-07646-6 · Cited by 3
“…or unreliable in a variety of contexts (e.g., Poulin 2000; Leimu and Koricheva 2004; Becker 2005; Rothstein et al. 2005; Terrin et al. 2005; Vevea and Woods 2005; Rothstein 2008; Peters et al. 2007, 2008; Nakagawa and Santos 2012; Fragkos et al. 2014; McShane et al. 2016; Lin and Chu 2018;…”
Zhu, X., Jiao, J., Liang, W., Wang, X., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2559518 · Cited by 2
“Egger’s regression test was implemented using R 4.2.3 (R Core Team, 2013) to detect potential publication bias (Egger et al., 1997); if publication bias was identified, corrections were made using the Vevea and Woods selection models (Vevea J & Woods C, 2005).”
InfluentialAdjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis with Continuous Outcomes: A Comparative Study
Almalik, O. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13213487 · Cited by 3
“However, one disadvantage of the Vevea and Hedges method is assuming the study-specific covariates are available [10].”
Cebolla, A., Fernández-Castilla, B., Lecuona, O. Z., Navarro‐Siurana, J., Galante, J., Sarrión-Castelló, P., Vidal, J., Baños, R. M., & Vázquez, C. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102692 · Cited by 1
Principles of nostalgia: Meta-analytic tests
Weingarten, E., Wei, Z., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2026.104891 · Cited by 1
Liu, F. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0347849 · Cited by 1
“We will additionally apply three-parameter selection models that formally model the publication selection process [48].”
Fifty Years of Anchoring Effects: A Theoretical Reintegration and Meta-Analysis
Schley, D. R., & Weingarten, E. (2026) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.03238 · Cited by 2
Association Between Child Maltreatment and Children’s Bullying Perpetration: A Meta-Analysis
Zhang, Z., Chen, Q., & Chan, K. L. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380261462173 · Cited by 1
A systematic review and meta-analysis of communication strategies to promote climate action
Herberz, M., Uenal, F., Gouiran, M. D., Krainz, M., Pagel, L., Schmid, D. F., Spampatti, T., Mora, I. V., & Brosch, T. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.103176 · Cited by 1
Association Between Sexting and Different Types of Sexual Violence: A Meta-Analysis
Favilli, M., López-Palanca, I., Fernández‐Felipe, I., & Esparza-Reig, J. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-026-03526-x · Cited by 1
“This analysis was only conducted when the number of studies exceeded 10, as it is not recommended for smaller samples (Leongómez, 2023; Vevea & Woods, 2005).”
Introduction to Evidence-Based Group Work
Macgowan, M. J. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183450.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Vevea, J. L., & Woods, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- ORCID
- Woods, Carol M.
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 428-443
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W1974479479
- Cited by
- 461
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (4r44ag024771-02)
- National Institute on Aging (AG024771)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Keywords
- publication bias, file drawer problem, funnel plot asymmetry, meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, bias detection, fixed effects model, random effects models, mixed models
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Models, Psychological, Publishing, Research, Research Design, Sensitivity and Specificity, Meta-Analysis as Topic
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