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The social costs of emotional suppression: a prospective study of the transition to college
Open accessAbstract
There is growing interest in understanding how emotion regulation affects adaptation. The present study examined expressive suppression (which involves inhibiting the overt expression of emotion) and how it affects a critical domain of adaptation, social functioning. This investigation focused on the transition to college, a time that presents a variety of emotional and social challenges. Analyses focused on 2 components of suppression: a stable component, representing individual differences expressed both before and after the transition, and a dynamic component, representing variance specific to the new college context. Both components of suppression predicted lower social support, less closeness to others, and lower social satisfaction. These findings were robustly corroborated across weekly experience reports, self-reports, and peer reports and are consistent with a theoretical framework that defines emotion regulation as a dynamic process shaped by both stable person factors and environmental demands.
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“Similarly, in a longitudinal field study, suppression of various emotions including sadness and anxiety was associated with perceptions of receiving less support from peers (Srivastava et al. 2009).”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Srivastava et al. 2009
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“Accordingly, individuals who habitually engage in expressive suppression were found to have lower-quality relationships (Srivastava et al. 2009).”
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“Expressive suppression has been linked to negative outcomes in youth, such as low social support and connectedness (Gross and John, 2003, Srivastava et al., 2009), poorer self-esteem and life-satisfaction (Gross and John, 2003), depression (Betts et al., 2009, Larsen et al., 2013) and increased suicidality in the face of adversity (Kaplow et al., 2014).”
From A pilot evaluation of the SPARX-R gaming intervention for preventing depression and improving wellbeing among adolescents in alternative education (2017) · cites this paper as Srivastava et al., 2009
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“Furthermore, trait tendencies toward expressive suppression have been shown to predict negative interpersonal outcomes over time (126, 142) including reduced social support (143) and difficulty forming new relationships (126).”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
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“In addition, these behaviors have been shown to interfere with the development and maintenance of the kinds of close and secure relationships that are essential to adaptive functioning (125, 126).”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 883-897
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- PMC
- PMC4141473
- OpenAlex
- W2124098695
- Cited by
- 504
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 27.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 MH58147)
- University of California
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- expressive suppression, emotional suppression, emotion regulation, transition to college, social functioning, social support, social proximity, social satisfaction, adaptation, person-environment interaction
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peer Group, Personal Satisfaction, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Self Disclosure, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, Social Support, Students, Universities
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