Cited by 467Medicine, History, and PhilosophyPediatric Pain Management TechniquesPain Mechanisms and Treatments

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A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.

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Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas, Craig, Kenneth D., Duck, Steve, Cano, Annmarie, Goubert, Liesbet, Jackson, Philip L., Mogil, Jeffrey S., Rainville, Pierre, Sullivan, Michael J. L., Williams, Amanda C. de C., Vervoort, Tine, Fitzgerald, Theresa Dever·2011·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/a0023876

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Abstract

We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of the process of pain communication. The focus is on an improved understanding of immediate dyadic transactions during painful events in the context of broader social phenomena. Fine-grain consideration of social transactions during pain leads to an appreciation of sociobehavioral events affecting both suffering persons as well as caregivers. Our examination considers knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including clinical health psychology, social and developmental processes, evolutionary psychology, communication studies, and behavioral neuroscience.

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“According to recent literature, pain arouses essential appraisal processes both among those experiencing it and those observing another’s pain [9,20,36,38] .”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The effect of optimism on the facial expression of pain: Implications for pain communication
Basten‐Günther, J., Miriam Kunz, A., Peters, M. L., & Lautenbacher, S. (2020) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1712 · Cited by 8
“Their function is the nonverbal communication of pain in order to warn the interaction partner or appeal for help and compassion as a way of psychosocial coping (Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2011; Sullivan et al., 2001).”
Background
Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between family caregivers’ pain-related beliefs and patients’ coping strategies
Alinajimi, F., Deldar, Z., Dehghani, M., & Khatibi, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.983350 · Cited by 10
“Accordingly, the pain communication model suggested that, when patients send pain messages, these messages will be perceived by family caregivers via their cognitive and affective processes (Cano et al., 2005; Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2011).”
Background
Sub-optimal presentation of painful facial expressions enhances readiness for action and pain perception following electrocutaneous stimulation
Khatibi, A., Schrooten, M. G. S., Bosmans, K., Volders, S., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & den Bussche, E. V. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00913 · Cited by 8
Increased Pain Communication following Multiple Group Memberships Salience Leads to a Relative Reduction in Pain-Related Brain Activity
Ferris, L. J., Jetten, J., Molenberghs, P., Bastian, B. B., & Karnadewi, F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163117 · Cited by 9
The psychosocial context of chronic pain in people living with HIV
Scott, W. (2019) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000721 · Cited by 8
Pain in Infants and Children
Harrison, D. M., Bueno, M., & Pope, N. (2024) · doi:10.1093/med/9780197649176.003.0005 · Cited by 8
Interpersonal dynamics in chronic pain: The role of partner behaviors and interactions in chronic pain adjustment
Goubert, L., & Bernardes, S. F. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.101997 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Regional and whole-brain neurofunctional alterations during pain empathic processing of physical but not affective pain in migraine patients
Liu, D. C., Li, M., Jiang, H., Mi, Y., Xu, X., Zhou, Y., Hou, Y., Shen, Y., Maes, M. H. J., Xiao, X., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-025-02051-x · Cited by 7
“…elicited by facial expressions of pain, salient emotional-communicative cues [51], and requiring the observer to interpret the expresser’s pain experience [23], is thought to primarily reflect the affective dimension of the observed pain (hereafter, affective pain empathy) [37, 77, 71, 72].”
From past pain to future pain through the pain of others: Information about other people's pain ratings can alleviate our subsequent pain
Bajcar, E. A., Bieniek, H., Brączyk, J., & Bąbel, P. (2022) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2063 · Cited by 9
“Since showing pain is an effective, evolutionarily shaped tool for gaining social support in potential threat situations (Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2011), people are frequently exposed to others' verbal and non- verbal pain manifestations.”
Background
Sex differences in facial expressions of pain: results from a combined sample
Schneider, P., Lautenbacher, S., & Miriam Kunz, A. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003180 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, given that facial expressions of pain have the potential to serve as a “social lubricate” by eliciting empathetic responses and help in others, 3,15,40 women’s increased facial expressiveness might also lead to increased social support.”
Examining the longitudinal associations between activity limitations, instrumental supports and social participation in osteoarthritis: A CLSA population-based study
Perruccio, A. V., Yip, C., Power, J. D., Cañizares, M., & Badley, E. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299894 · Cited by 7
Investigating the effect of depression on clinical symptoms of temporomandibular disorder in young stressful men
Afshar, M. S., Salari, B., & Nejad, S. V. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Dental Research · doi:10.1002/cre2.909 · Cited by 7
“Based on the biopsychosocial theory, somatic health and psychological status were proven tangibly interconnected in TMD patients (Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2011).”
Background
Physical Cue Influences Children’s Empathy for Pain: The Role of Attention Allocation
Yan, Z., Pei, M., & Su, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02378 · Cited by 7
The Effect of Cognitive Strategies and Facial Attractiveness on Empathic Neural Responses
Balconi, M., Kopiś-Posiej, N., Venturella, I., Zabielska‐Mendyk, E., Augustynowicz, P., & Angioletti, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114617 · Cited by 7
“This kind of stimulus does not require interpretation of the meaning, whereas the facial expression of pain is considered as a more subjective stimulus [45].”
Background
Perspectives on emotional memory images and the persistence of pain
Hudson, M., & Johnson, M. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1217721 · Cited by 8
“This involves coupling bodily sensations and emotions existing in time and space to the word “pain”, under the influence of societal behaviours, narratives and norms (9, 11, 18).”
Background
Interpersonal communication research in the context of pain
Caño, A., Leonard, M. T., Castorena, A. M., & Leong, L. E. M. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.007 · Cited by 7
Pain Patients and Who they Live with: A Correlational Study of Coresidence Patterns and Pain Interference
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Different patterns in mental rotation of facial expressions in complex regional pain syndrome patients
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Physiotherapy rehabilitation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Nava, T. (2019) · Beyond Rheumatology · doi:10.4081/br.2019.6 · Cited by 7
Mothers’ appraisals of injustice in the context of their child’s chronic pain: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Baert, F., McParland, J. L., Miller, M. M., Hirsh, A. T., Wallace, E., Dickson, A., Trost, Z., & Vervoort, T. (2020) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1642 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Association of neighborhood-level disadvantage beyond individual sociodemographic factors in patients with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis
Peoples, J. N., Tanner, J. J., Bartley, E. J., Domenico, L. H., Gonzalez, C. E., Cardoso, J. S., Lopez‐Quintero, C., Losin, E. A. R., Staud, R. M., Goodin, B. R., et al. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-08007-7 · Cited by 6
Talking about chronic pain in family settings: a glimpse of older persons’ everyday realities
Merminod, G., Weber, O., Semlali, I., Terrier, A., Décosterd, I., Truchard, E. R., & Singy, P. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03058-8 · Cited by 6
Examining the Role of Structural and Functional Social Network Characteristics in the Context of Chronic Pain: An Ego-centered Network Design
Alboom, M. V., Baert, F., Bernardes, S. F., Verhofstadt, L., Bracke, P., Jia, M., Musiał, K., Gabryś, B., & Goubert, L. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104525 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Biased Partner Perceptions of Women's Pain Self-Efficacy in Postpartum Pain During Intercourse: A Dyadic Longitudinal Examination
Rossi, M. A., Maxwell, J. A., & Rosen, N. O. (2020) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2020.01.006 · Cited by 6
The perception, understanding and experience of flourishing in young people living with chronic pain: A Q-methodology study
Parsons, R. D., McParland, J. L., Halligan, S. L., Goubert, L., & Jordan, A. L. (2024) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241237341 · Cited by 6
“…who care for their children and healthcare professionals providing treatment to these young people, in order to consider key potential sources of social influence within the biopsychosocial framework in which chronic pain is experienced (Gatchel et al., 2007; Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Parent Cardiac Response in the Context of Their Child’s Completion of the Cold Pressor Task: A Pilot Study
Constantin, K. L., Moline, R. L., McMurtry, C. M., & Bailey, H. N. (2017) · Children · doi:10.3390/children4110100 · Cited by 6
“Intrapersonal factors, including previous pain experiences and internal regulation, of both child and parent, are relevant to consider, although parents’ physiological experience has remained largely unknown [6,44].”
Background
Helping Your Partner with Chronic Pain: The Importance of Helping Motivation, Received Social Support, and Its Timeliness
Kindt, S., Vansteenkiste, M., Josephy, H., Bernardes, S. F., & Goubert, L. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny006 · Cited by 6
“Indeed, seeing someone in pain may elicit different behavioral responses in observers, impacting the person’s pain experience [10, 27].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Facing Others in Pain: Why Context Matters
Ruddere, L. D., & Tait, R. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78340-6_12 · Cited by 6
Executive functions moderated the influence of physical cues on children’s empathy for pain: an eye tracking study
Yan, Z., Pei, M., & Su, Y. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1698559 · Cited by 6
“Physical cues were more important for us to be empathic and give further help (Steinkopf, 2016), and are more credible and cannot be easily manipulated (Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2011; Vachon-Presseau et al., 2011).”
Background
Changing pain expectations: the role of social context and communication
Schrooten, M. G. S., & Linton, S. J. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000922 · Cited by 7
Postpartum Pain in the Community Among Migrant and Non-migrant Women in Canada
Mahon, A., Merry, L. A., Lu, O., & Gagnon, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0364-8 · Cited by 6
The interpersonal function of pain
Vervoort, T., & Trost, Z. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000438 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Expectations and Attitudes Regarding Chronic Pain Control: An Exploration Using Mind Genomics
(2019) · Internal Medicine Research – Open Journal · doi:10.31038/imroj.2019412 · Cited by 4
“Pain is defined through its association with actual or potential tissue damage, denoting it as a necessary characteristic of the experience, but also recognizing that events other than tissue damage can serve as determinants, consistent with a bio psychosocial model of pain [1,2].”
Background
Unconscious Activation of Negative Emotional Memories Increases Pain Unpleasantness
Frisch, S., Walter, S., Rebhann, V., Gruss, S., Geisel, D., Bär, K., Gündel, H., Lane, R. D., & Smith, R. S. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001315 · Cited by 5
“…reflexive automatisms) are also an important part of the overall pain response, and they do not rely on cognitive processes as do self-reports (121,122), measures of such responses would be useful to include in future work (although our exploratory EMG analyses might have been expected to track…”
An Eye Tracking Investigation of Pain Decoding Based on Older and Younger Adults’ Facial Expressions
Stopyn, R. J. N., Hadjistavropoulos, T., & Loucks, J. (2020) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-020-00344-0 · Cited by 5
“Consistent with this study, other investigators found that caregivers of older adults with dementia provided pain ratings of patients unrelated to the pain behaviors, except when there was a high frequency of contact with the patient (Eritz and Hadjistavropoulos 2011).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
The Informal Social Support for Autonomy and Dependence in Pain Inventory Spanish version
Esteve, R., Bernardes, S. F., López-Martínez, A. E., Martín‐Delgado, C. E., & Ramírez‐Maestre, C. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13632 · Cited by 6
“Previous theoretical models have emphasised the role of the social environment in the pain experience (Craig, 2015; Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2011).”
Background
The influence of Alzheimer’s disease stigma on pain assessment in older persons
Vitou, V., Gély-Nargeot, M.-C., Jeandel, C., & Bayard, S. (2022) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012221117907 · Cited by 10
“The complex nature of the pain assessment process has been conceptualized through several theoretical models (Craig, 2009; Gagliese et al., 2017; Hadjistavropoulos & Craig, 2002; Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2011; Prkachin et al., 2007; Schiavenato & Craig, 2010; Snow, O’Malley, et al., 2004).”
Method

Authors: Hadjistavropoulos, T., Craig, K. D., Duck, S., Cano, A., Goubert, L., Jackson, P. L., Mogil, J. S., Rainville, P., Sullivan, M. J. L., Williams, A. C. D. C., Vervoort, T., & Fitzgerald, T. D.
Affiliations: University of Regina (CA)
University of British Columbia (CA)
University of Iowa (US)
Ghent University (BE)
Université Laval (CA)
McGill University (CA)
Université de Montréal (CA)
University College London (GB)
ORCID: Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas
Craig, Kenneth D.
Duck, Steve
Goubert, Liesbet
Jackson, Philip L.
Mogil, Jeffrey S.
Rainville, Pierre
Sullivan, Michael J. L.
Williams, Amanda C. de C.
Vervoort, Tine
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2011-11
Volume: 137
Issue: 6
Pages: 910-939
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/a0023876
OpenAlex: W2161506337
Cited by: 466
References: 365
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 21.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
biblio.ugent.be
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Medicine, History, and Philosophy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: pain communication, biopsychosocial model, dyadic interaction, caregiver-patient interaction
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Animals, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Communication, Biological Evolution, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Models, Theoretical, Neurosciences, Pain, Pain Measurement, Social Behavior, Caregivers, Mice, Rats, Pain Perception, Chronic Pain

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A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.

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