Longitudinal associations between depressive problems, academic performance, and social functioning in adolescent boys and girls.
Abstract
Depressive problems and academic performance, social well-being, and social problems in adolescents are strongly associated. However, longitudinal and bidirectional relations between the two remain unclear, as well as the role of gender. Consequently, this study focuses on the relation between depressive problems and three types of functioning in adolescents while testing gender differences. Depressive problems and functioning of 2,230 children were measured with structured questionnaires. The measurements took place biennially over 3 waves, from late childhood into adolescence (age range = 10-18 years). To examine the longitudinal relation between depression and functioning, path analyses with cross-lagged effects were conducted with structural equation modeling. Multigroup analyses were used to test for gender differences, which were only observed for academic performance. Other findings indicated substantial stability in depressive problems and functioning over time and within-wave correlations between depression and the 3 types of functioning. Poor social well-being was predicted by depressive problems but not the other way around. The relation between depressive and social problems was bidirectional, that is, they predicted each other. Finally, depressive problems and academic performance were bidirectionally related as well but only in girls.
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Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents cause significant interference with relationships, academic performance, school attendance, and daily functioning.
“The long-term impact of anxiety and depression on children and adolescents includes significant interference with relationships, academic performance, school attendance, and daily functioning, making early intervention vital [3-8].”
From eMental Healthcare Technologies for Anxiety and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: Systematic Review of Studies Reporting Implementation Outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
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References 46 · Cited by 328
- Authors
- Verboom, C. E., Sijtsema, J. J., Verhulst, F. C., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Ormel, J.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 247-257
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2109751525
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 10.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO (GB-MW 940-38-011)
- ZonMW (100-001-004, 60-60600-98-018 and 60-60600-97-118, 261-98-710)
- Social Sciences Council (GB-MaGW 480-01-006 and GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MaGW 457-03-018, GBMaGW 452-04-314, and GB-MaGW 452-06-004)
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (175.010.2003.005, 481-08-013)
- Sophia Foundation for Medical Research (301 and 393)
- Dutch Ministry of Justice
- European Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- academic performance, social functioning, social well-being, social problems, adolescents, gender differences, bidirectional relations, longitudinal stability
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Characteristics, Social Behavior, Social Behavior Disorders, Statistics as Topic, Chi-Square Distribution, Self Report
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