The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes.
Abstract
For this study, we evaluated the independent and additive predictive effects of psychological maltreat-ment on an array of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders in a large national sample of clinic-referred children and adolescents drawn from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set (CDS; see Layne, Briggs-King, & Courtois, 2014). We analyzed a subsample of 5,616 youth with lifetime histories of 1 or more of 3 forms of maltreatment: psychological maltreatment (emotional abuse or emotional neglect), physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Measures included the University of California, Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder–Reaction Index (Steinberg et al., 2004), Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2004), and 27 diagnostic and CDS-specific clinical severity indicators. Psychologically maltreated youth exhibited equivalent or greater baseline levels of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders compared with physically or sexually abused youth on most indicators. The co-occurrence of psychological maltreatment with physical or sexual abuse was linked to the exacerbation of most outcomes. We found that the clinical profiles of psychologically maltreated youth overlapped with, yet were distinct from, those of physically and/or sexually abused youth. Despite its high prevalence in the CDS, psychological maltreatment was rarely the focus of intervention for youth in this large national sample. We discuss implications for child mental health policy; educational outreach
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“Emotional abuse and neglect often occur in combination with physical and sexual abuse but have been found to have adverse biopsychosocial effects that are distinct from those of physical or sexual abuse [159, 165].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [159]
Citations
Cites
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcome Assessment
Maruish, M. E., & Leahy, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.14.2.205 · Cited by 1,634
Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., Kolk, B. V. D., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20444 · Cited by 1,473
Self-citationThe APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment
Myers, J. E. B. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,228
The University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress disorder reaction index
Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2004) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-004-0048-2 · Cited by 1,212 · cited 4×
“Compared with the PA group, the PM ϩ PA group had significantly higher CBCL-Int. scores (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2004), estimated difference ϭ 2.66, SE ϭ 0.62; p Ͻ .0001, and PTSD-RI scores (Steinberg et al., 2004), estimated difference ϭ 2.45, SE ϭ 0.81; p ϭ 0.0025.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationFourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4): Report to Congress
Sedlak, A. J. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · Cited by 960
Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research
Cicchetti, D. (1993) · Cited by 859
MANLY, J. T., KIM, J. E., ROGOSCH, F. A., & CICCHETTI, D. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401004023 · Cited by 789
D'Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2012) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x · Cited by 703
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1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Lawson, M., Piel, M. H., & Simon, M. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104709 · Cited by 499
“Children that have been psychologically maltreated exhibit higher rates of aggression, hyperactivity, conduct problems, anxiety, and depression across the lifespan (Cicchetti, 2016), even when considering whether children were also physically or sexually abused (Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHanson, J. L., Hariri, A. R., & Williamson, D. E. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.010 · Cited by 338
Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder
Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2021) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9 · Cited by 209
“Although a combination of emotional abuse with sexual or physical abuse has been found to be particularly strongly associated with severe childhood psychosocial problems in clinical samples, emotionally abused children and adolescents also have a profile of behavioral and emotional problems distinct from the symptom p…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLayne, C. M., Greeson, J. K. P., Ostrowski, S. A., Kim, S., Reading, S. R., Vivrette, R. L., Briggs, E. C., Fairbank, J. A., & Pynoos, R. S. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0037799 · Cited by 190
Self-citationSpinazzola, J., van der Kolk, B., & Ford, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22320 · Cited by 187
“Research indicates that both emotional abuse (Spinazzola et al., 2014; Taillieu, Brownridge, Sareen, & Afifi, 2016; Teicher & Samson, 2013) and neglect (Shin, Miller, & Teicher, 2013; Widom, Czaja, Wilson, Allwood, & Chauhan, 2012; Widom, Czaja, Bentley, & Johnson, 2012; Widom, Czaja, & Paris, 2009) may be involved in…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L.-J., Ford, J. D., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R., Briggs, E. C., Stolbach, B., & Kisiel, C.
- Affiliations
- Justice Resource Institute (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- Suppl 1
- Pages
- S18-S28
- ISSN
- 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-969X
- OpenAlex
- W2123420814
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 21.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (3U79SM054284-10S and 1U79SM059314-03)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Center for Mental Health Services
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- psychological maltreatment, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, child abuse, adolescent mental health, behavioral problems, post-traumatic stress disorder, physical abuse, sexual abuse, clinic-referred children, National Child Traumatic Stress Network, child mental health policy
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