Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 328

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 216 of the 216 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The rise of robots increases job insecurity and maladaptive workplace behaviors: Multimethod evidence.

Open access
Yam, Kai Chi, Tang, Pok Man, Jackson, Joshua Conrad, Su, Runkun, Gray, Kurt·2023·Journal of Applied Psychology

Abstract

Robots are transforming the nature of human work. Although human–robot collaborations can create newjobs and increase productivity, pundits often warn about how robots might replace humans at work andcreate mass unemployment. Despite these warnings, relatively little research has directly assessed howlaypeople react to robots in the workplace. Drawing from cognitive appraisal theory of stress, we suggestthat employees exposed to robots (either physically or psychologically) would report greater job insecurity.Six studies—including two pilot studies, an archival study across 185 U.S. metropolitan areas (Study 1), apreregistered experiment conducted in Singapore (Study 2), an experience-sampling study among engineersconducted in India (Study 3), and an online experiment (Study 4)—find that increased exposure to robotsleads to increased job insecurity. Study 3 also reveals that this robot-related job insecurity is in turnpositively associated with burnout and workplace incivility. Study 4 reveals that self-affirmation is apsychological intervention that might buffer the negative effects of robot-related job insecurity. Our findingshold across different cultures and industries, including industries not threatened by robots.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/apl0001045

Cites

216 of 216 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 216 references

Cited by

See all 328

Metadata

Authors
Yam, K. C., Tang, P. M., Jackson, J. C., Su, R., & Gray, K.
Venue
Journal of Applied Psychology
Published
2023-05
Volume
108
Issue
5
Pages
850-870
ISSN
  • 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1854
OpenAlex
W4304606977
Cited by
328
References
216
FWCI
58.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The rise of robots increases job insecurity and maladaptive workplace behaviors: Multimethod evidence. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/apl0001045
The paper
Yam, K. C., Tang, P. M., Jackson, J. C., Su, R., & Gray, K. (2023). The rise of robots increases job insecurity and maladaptive workplace behaviors: Multimethod evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001045

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.