Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 911

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The test of significance in psychological research.

Bakan, David·1966·Psychological Bulletin

Abstract

The vast majority of investigations which pass for research in the field of psychology today entail the use of statistical tests of significance. The critical assumption involved in testing significance is that, if the experiment is conducted properly, the characteristics of the population have a designably determinative influence on samples drawn from it; that, for example, the mean of a population has a determinative influence on the mean of a sample drawn from it. One of the most viable alternatives to the use of the test of significance involves the theorem of Bayes’. The psychological literature is filled with misinterpretations of the nature of the test of significance. With the acceptance of the Fisher approach the psychological research worker also accepted, and then overused, the test of significance, employing it as the measure of the significance, in the largest sense of the word, of his research efforts.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/h0020412

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Cited by

See all 911

Metadata

Authors
Bakan, D.
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Published
1966
Volume
66
Issue
6
Pages
423-437
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
OpenAlex
W2074941944
Cited by
911
References
3
FWCI
10.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The test of significance in psychological research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/h0020412
The paper
Bakan, D. (1966). The test of significance in psychological research. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0020412

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.