The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Emotionality and perceptual defense.
Open accessAbstract
During the past decade, a number of experimental investigations have pro-gressively revealed the so-called "dy-namic, " or motivational, aspects of perceptual behavior. No longer do we view perception as organized solely in terms of the structural characteristics of stimulus objects or the frequency with which the individual has been ex-posed to these objects. Perceptions are structured not only with respect to the limiting stimulus conditions, but also with regard to the possibilities of re-ward (11, 12), need fulfillment (1, 7), attitudinal orientation (10), potential
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745
Implicit memory: Retention without remembering.
Roediger, H. L. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.45.9.1043 · Cited by 1,313
Affective Influences on the Attentional Dynamics Supporting Awareness.
Anderson, A. K. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.258 · Cited by 655
Self-Knowledge: Its Limits, Value, and Potential for Improvement
Wilson, T. D., & Dunn, E. W. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141954 · Cited by 624
A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: a generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect
Algom, D., Chajut, E., & Lev, S. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.323 · Cited by 565
Metadata
- Authors
- McGinnies, E.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1949
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 244-251
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2053048360
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 19.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Emotionality and perceptual defense. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/h0056508
- The paper
- McGinnies, E. (1949). Emotionality and perceptual defense. Psychological Review. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0056508
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.