Contemporary psychotherapists: A national survey of characteristics, practices, orientations, and attitudes.
Open accessAbstract
A representative sample of American psychologists engaged in psychotherapy were surveyed concerning their characteristics, activities, affiliations, theories, and selected attitudes. 410 members of APA Division 29 (Psychotherapy) returned a mailed questionnaire, providing a current and comprehensive assessment of the profession. Survey results are described in detail and compared to the findings of a similar survey of American clinical psychologists (Division 12 members). Among the most salient findings were that: over 80% of therapists have had personal therapy and highly value these experiences as preparation for providing therapy; individual therapy is the most popular therapeutic modality, but over one-half of the sample engage in marital and family therapy; while therapists spend relatively small percentages of their time doing research, they do as a group publish and present papers; private practice is the modal affiliation of the sample and may be the most equitable employment setting; and psychodynamic orientations have experienced renewed preference with eclecticism declining, suggesting a need for more integrative models of therapy.
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Information on use of techniques does not indicate effectiveness.
“In addition, information on use of techniques does not indicate effectiveness (Prochaska & Norcross, 1983).”
From What do psychotherapists really do in practice? An internet study of over 2,000 practitioners (2010) · cites this paper as Prochaska & Norcross, 1983
Cites
Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0088437 · Cited by 3,922 · see citing works
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In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.9.1102 · Cited by 8,596 · see citing works
Self-citationAarons, G. A. (2004) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/b:mhsr.0000024351.12294.65 · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth.
Orlinsky, D. E., Collaborative Research Network of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, & Rønnestad, M. H. (2005) · doi:10.1037/11157-000 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Portnoy, D. B., Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., Johnson, B. T., & Carey, M. P. (2008) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.014 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
The effects of psychological therapies under clinically representative conditions: a meta-analysis
Shadish, W. R., Navarro, A. M., Matt, G. E., & Phillips, G. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.512 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Tomporowski, P. D., McCullick, B., Pendleton, D. M., & Pesce, C. (2015) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.003 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Evidence that therapy works in clincally representative conditions.
Shadish, W. R., Matt, G. E., Navarro, A. M., Siegle, G., Crits-Christoph, P., Hazelrigg, M. D., Jorm, A. F., Lyons, L. C., Nietzel, M. T., Robinson, L., et al. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.3.355 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
What do psychotherapists really do in practice? An internet study of over 2,000 practitioners
Cook, J. M., Biyanova, T., Elhai, J., Schnurr, P. P., & Coyne, J. C. (2010) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/a0019788 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Consistent with results from a representative sample of psychologists conducted over 25 years ago, individual therapy was the most popular modality (Prochaska & Norcross, 1983).”
Orlinsky, D. E., Botermans, J. F., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2001) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060108259646 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Hayes, R. P., Baker, D. W., Luthi, J.-C., Baggett, R. L., McClellan, W., Fitzgerald, D., Abrams, F. R., Bratzler, D., & Ballard, D. J. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Quality · doi:10.1177/106286060201700605 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Rhode Island (US)
- Venue
- Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-173
- ISSN
- 0033-3204 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2072963577
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 11.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- psychotherapists, clinical psychologists, APA Division 12, individual psychotherapy, therapist training, therapeutic modalities, marital and family therapy, private practice, research time, eclecticism, integrative therapy, therapist attitudes, employment settings
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