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The association of parentification indicators with substance use patterns among military-connected adolescents.
Abstract
Military-connected youths are a vulnerable population exposed to a unique set of stressors, which may put them at increased risk for adverse mental and behavioral health outcomes, compared to their civilian counterparts. Among military-connected adolescents, emotional and instrumental parentification are mechanisms hypothesized to account for negative outcomes, including substance use. However, parentification may be protective in some cultures and has not been examined in the military population. Data were drawn from 1,441 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-graders who had a parent in the military and completed the 2013 California Healthy Kids Survey. Latent class analysis was used to examine patterns of instrumental parentification indicators among military-connected youths and associated patterns of substance use. Military-connected students in the high parentification class were significantly less likely to be in the frequent polysubstance using class (odds ratio = 0.376, 95% confidence interval [0.180, 0.782]). Findings suggest that experiences of instrumental parentification, including having more responsibilities at home, being more independent, and being able to solve problems better than peers, may be protective. For military-connected youths, these skills, developed in the context of their families, may translate to better coping with other stressful situations. Professionals may be able to build on these strengths and develop adaptive coping strategies to support military-connected youths in managing the stressors of wartime military life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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“Across the 18 associations tested in these 11 studies, only five associations were statistically significant and three were in the unexpected negative direction where more parentification was associated with fewer substance use problems [19,72,96].”
From Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review (2023) · cites this paper as [96]
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Dariotis, J. K., Chen, F. R., Park, Y. R., Nowak, M. K., French, K. M., & Codamon, A. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20136197 · Cited by 86
“Recent use of substances: Six response options ranged from 0 days to 20–30 days Sullivan et al., 2018 [96] Middle and high school students Only used the 4 most endorsed substances: (a) a whole cigarette, (b) one full drink of alcohol, (c) marijuana, and (d) inhalants None stated High…”
BackgroundSkandan, N., Hochheimer, M., White, J., LeComte, R. S., Pattillo, E., Huhn, A. S., & Ellis, J. D. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108281 · Cited by 3
Therapeutic rupture repair in treatment of military adolescents.
Luebcke, B. (2020) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3486
Development and Validation of the AMSM for Military-Connected Adolescents
Gilreath, T. D., Sullivan, K., Ishino, F. A. M., & Okoror, T. A. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02661-6
“Though fi ndings are mixed (Sullivan et al., 2018), some evidence underscores that these experiences can be associated with poor outcomes for military-connected adolescents, particularly when these experiences are perceived as burdensome (Harrison & Albanese, 2012).”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Sullivan, K. S., Capp, G., & Gilreath, T. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 557-565
- ISSN
- 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0025
- OpenAlex
- W2884466988
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 0.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
- Keywords
- parentification, substance use, polydrug use, military families, adolescent stress, coping, California Healthy Kids Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Health Surveys, Humans, Military Personnel, Parents, Substance-Related Disorders
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