Cited by 255Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Treatment and Access

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Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales

Lovibond, P. F., Lovibond, S. H.·2015·PsycTESTS Dataset

DOI 10.1037/t39835-000

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Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression, general depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress (PODSAS) among mothers during their 4-week postnatal follow-up in five public health clinics in Perak: A study protocol for a cross-sectional study
Redzuan, S. A. M., Suntharalingam, P., Palaniyappan, T., Ganasan, V., Bakar, P. N. M. A., Kaur, P., Marmuji, L. Z., Ambigapathy, S., Vengadasalam, P., & Chew, B. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034458 · Cited by 16
Pre-sleep cognitive arousal exacerbates sleep disturbance in chronic pain: an exploratory daily diary and actigraphy study
Bean, D. J., Horne, J. C., Lee, A. C.-L., & Johnson, M. H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2020-0185 · Cited by 14
Effects of virtual reality on chest tube removal pain management in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized clinical trial
Dalir, Z., Seddighi, F., Esmaily, H., Tashnizi, M. A., & Tabriz, E. R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53544-9 · Cited by 17
“The final score for each subscale is doubled to ascertain the severity of the symptoms 33,34 .”
Background
Environmental and perceived stress in Australian dental undergraduates: Preliminary outcomes
Astill, S., Ricketts, N., Singh, L.-A., Kurtz, D., Gim, Y. H., & Huang, B. (2016) · Journal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects · doi:10.15171/joddd.2016.043 · Cited by 15
Translation, adaptation and validation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale in Urdu
Husain, W., & Amir, G. (2020) · Insights on the Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.29328/journal.ida.1001011 · Cited by 14
Empirical evidence for cognitive subgroups in body dysmorphic disorder
Malcolm, A., Brennan, S. N., Grace, S., Pikoos, T. D., Toh, W. L., Labuschagne, I., Buchanan, B. G., Kaplan, R. A., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867421998762 · Cited by 15
“The total score of the 42-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS; Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995) was used to evaluate the severity of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms over the previous week.”
Method
Examining Minority Attrition Among Women in Longitudinal Trauma Research
Boykin, D. M., London, M. J., & Orcutt, H. K. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22066 · Cited by 13
Effect of integrative naturopathy and yoga in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension
Mooventhan, A., & Shetty, G. B. (2017) · Ancient Science of Life · doi:10.4103/asl.asl_80_16 · Cited by 14
Attachment-based compassion therapy and adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction for the treatment of depressive, anxious and adjustment disorders in mental health settings: a randomised controlled clinical trial protocol
Montero‐Marín, J., Collado‐Navarro, C., Navarro‐Gil, M., López-Montoyo, A., Demarzo, M., Herrera‐Mercadal, P., Barceló‐Soler, A., & García‐Campayo, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029909 · Cited by 17
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) rs17782313 polymorphism interacts with Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean Dietary Score (MDS) to affect hypothalamic hormones and cardio-metabolic risk factors among obese individuals
Khodarahmi, M., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Farhangi, M. A. (2020) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12263-020-00672-2 · Cited by 14
Parenting behaviors, marital discord and the mental health of young females: a cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia
Shaikh, Q., Aljasser, D., & Albalawi, A. M. (2020) · Annals of Saudi Medicine · doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2020.49 · Cited by 13
A comparison of eating disorder symptomatology, psychological distress and psychosocial function between early, typical and later onset anorexia nervosa
Jenkins, Z., Chait, L. M., Cistullo, L. L., & Castle, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-020-00337-w · Cited by 13
Parents’ Dispositional Mindfulness, Child Conflict Discussion, and Childhood Internalizing Difficulties: A Preliminary Study
Bird, A. L., Russell, P. S., Pickard, J. A., Donovan, M. O., Madsen, M., & Herbert, J. S. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01625-5 · Cited by 18
“The DASS-21 demonstrates cross-cultural validity (Norton, 2007) and strong discriminant validity within clinical samples (Antony et al.”
Background
Marital Quality, Self-compassion and Psychological Distress in Women with Primary Infertility
Sadiq, U., Rana, F., & Munir, M. (2021) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-021-09708-w · Cited by 22
Effect of Body Mass Index and Psychosocial Traits on Total Knee Replacement Costs in Patients with Osteoarthritis
Waimann, C. A., Fernandez‐Mazarambroz, R. J., Cantor, S. B., Lopez-Olivo, M. A., Barbo, A., Landon, G. C., Siff, S. J., Lin, H. Y., & Suarez-Almazor, M. E. (2016) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.151301 · Cited by 13
The different levels of depression and anxiety among Pakistani professionals
Sehrish, H., & Husain, W. (2020) · Insights on the Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.29328/journal.ida.1001014 · Cited by 15
Association of depression, anxiety, and stress with myocardial infarction: A case–control study
Manoj, M., Joseph, K., & Vijayaraghavan, G. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.4103/jcpc.jcpc_39_17 · Cited by 12
Positive psychology and its role within mental health nursing
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Coping, perceived social support, stress, and age as predictors of correctional adjustment amongst South African incarcerated female offenders
Duba, S. C. M., & Jordaan, J. (2023) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2023.2201502 · Cited by 11
“In a South African study among female o ﬀ enders, the DASS demonstrated good internal consistency, with a Cronbach alpha of .88 for the Stress subscale (Steyn & Hall, 2015).”
Influential
Positive Irrational Beliefs and Mental Health
Collard, J., & Fuller-Tyskiewicz, M. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00375-y · Cited by 11
For a structured response to the psychosocial consequences of the restrictive measures imposed by the global COVID-19 health pandemic: the MAVIPAN longitudinal prospective cohort study protocol
LeBlanc, A., Baron, M., Blouin, P., Tarabulsy, G. M., Routhier, F., Mercier, C., Després, J., Hébert, M., Koninck, Y. D., Cellard, C., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048749 · Cited by 13
Cognitive and sexual functions in patients with traumatic brain injury
War, F. A., Jamuna, R., & Arivazhagan, A. (2014) · Asian Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.4103/1793-5482.131061 · Cited by 11
Mindfulness Self-Help Interventions for Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety and Stress: Review and Meta-Analysis
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Neuroticism and cognitive correlates of depression and anxiety in endometriosis: A meta-analytic review, evidence appraisal, and future recommendations
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Changes to work status and household income of long-term allogeneic blood and marrow transplant survivors in New South Wales, Australia
McErlean, G., Brice, L., Gilroy, N. M., Kabir, M., Hertzberg, M., Greenwood, M. J., Larsen, S. R., Moore, J. J., Gottlieb, D. J., Huang, G., et al. (2018) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/s41409-018-0098-4 · Cited by 10
Rapid Systematic Review of Psychological Symptoms in Health Care Workers COVID-19
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Emotional states of different obesity phenotypes: a sex-specific study in a west-Asian population
Mehrabi, F., Amiri, P., Cheraghi, L., Kheradmand, A., Hosseinpanah, F., & Azizi, F. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03131-3 · Cited by 10
Symptoms of PTSD Associated With Painful and Nonpainful Vicarious Reactivity Following Amputation
Giummarra, M. J., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Tsao, J. W., Gibson, S. J., Rich, A. N., Georgiou‐Karistianis, N., Chou, M. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Alphonso, A. L., Tung, M. L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22030 · Cited by 9
GAMBARAN STATUS MENTAL (STRES, KECEMASAN, DAN DEPRESI) PADA KORBAN PASCA GEMPA BERDASARKAN PERIODE PERKEMBANGAN (REMAJA, DEWASA,DAN LANSIA) DI DESA PENDUA KABUPATEN LOMBOK UTARA
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“Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuisioner Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS 21) oleh Lovibond & Lovibond (1995) yang sudah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa indonesia.”
Background
Pilot randomised controlled trial of a patient navigation intervention to enhance engagement in the PrEP continuum among young Latino MSM: a protocol paper
Blashill, A. J., Gordon, J. R., Rojas, S. A., Ramers, C. B., Lin, C., Carrizosa, C. M., Nogg, K. A., Lamb, K. M., Lucido, N. C., Jones, I. J., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040955 · Cited by 9
First Responders’ Perceptions of the Presence of Support Canines in the Workplace
Curley, T., Campbell, M. A., Doyle, J. N., & Freeze, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-021-09477-4 · Cited by 9
Subjective Well-Being among Primary Health Care Patients
Özçakır, A., Doğan, F. O., Çakır, Y. T., Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114496 · Cited by 9
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Huang, Y., Huang, P., Hou, W., Aljaberi, M. A. A., Gan, W. Y., Tung, S. E. H., Chen, J., Chen, J., Siaw, Y.-L., Huang, S.-W., et al. (2025) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-025-10495-1 · Cited by 8
Effectiveness of School-Based Mindfulness Training as a Program to Prevent Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in High School Students
Mostafazadeh, P., Ebadi, Z., Mousavi, S., & Nouroozi, N. (2019) · Health Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.29252/hehp.7.3.111 · Cited by 9
Psychosoziale Aspekte bei motorischen Behinderungen
German Stepping Stones Study Group, Hasmann, S. E., Hampel, O., et al. (2010) · Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde · doi:10.1007/s00112-009-2123-6 · Cited by 8
Depression, anxiety, and stress among Indian urban affluent adults
Aeri, B. T., & Chauhan, S. (2020) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_115_18 · Cited by 8
Anxiety as a predictor of gaming disorder among young adults
Sharma, M., Anand, N., Marimuthu, P., Suma, N., Murthy, K., Thakur, P. C., Singh, P., Ajith, S., John, N., Mondal, I., et al. (2020) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_129_19 · Cited by 8
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Wenli, S., Zhou, Y., Chong, Z. Y., & Xu, W. (2023) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2023.2260965 · Cited by 8
“The Chinese version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21; Gong et al., 2010; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1996) is a 21-item instrument used to assess psychological distress, encompassing three subscales: depression, anxiety, and stress.”
Method
Navigating the High Seas of Mental Health: Exploring the Prevalence of Depression, Stress, Anxiety, and Burnout Among Indian Seafarers
Sharma, K. (2024) · International Journal of Public Health Excellence (IJPHE) · doi:10.55299/ijphe.v3i2.827 · Cited by 7
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Rafiei, H., Hosseinzadeh, K., Hosseinabadi-Farahani, M., Naseh, L., Razaghpoor, A., Aghaei, S., & Mazroei, A. (2019) · Gastrointestinal Nursing · doi:10.12968/gasn.2019.17.sup5.s18 · Cited by 7
Psychosocial presentation of revisional LAGB patients: a qualitative study
van Vuuren, M. J., Strodl, E. S., White, K. M., & Lockie, P. (2015) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12113 · Cited by 7
Repeated measures study of the association between musculoskeletal symptoms and mental health in subway workers
Cho, Y.-S., Park, J.-B., Kim, S., & Lee, K. (2019) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2018-0206 · Cited by 8
Study of depression, anxiety and stress among first year Medical students in Government Medical College, Himachal Pradesh during COVID-19 pandemic
Rana, S., Taywade, O., Sharma, V., & Hiwarkar, M. (2021) · Asian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3126/ajms.v12i6.36687 · Cited by 7
Frequency and course of psychological distress in patients attending an integrated primary care service
Winefield, H. R., Turnbull, D. A., & Taplin, J. E. (2005) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/1328420042000263021 · Cited by 7
Psychological distress and suicidal ideation in Sicilian Medical Students: The SMS-ME project
Bonaccorso, N., Tripoli, G., Vella, I., Cascia, C. L., Amodio, E., Bongiorno, E., Genovese, D., Maniaci, G., Sciortino, M., Galatà, E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100834 · Cited by 6
Understanding depression, anxiety and stress in young people living with HIV in Ghana
Omuojine, J., Martyn‐Dickens, C., Owusu, S. A., Warling, A., Sackey, R. C., Nettey, G., Otieku, E., Enimil, A. K., & Ratner, L. (2024) · African Journal of AIDS Research · doi:10.2989/16085906.2024.2370792 · Cited by 6
“Participants ( n = 173) were screened for depression, anxiety and stress using the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).”
Depression, anxiety, and stress among diabetic patients in Ghana: a health facility–based mixed-method cross-sectional study at Volta Regional Hospital
Bonsra, E. A., Mbiba, F., Kyeremeh, E. A., Kyere, G. A., & Ananga, M. K. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23514-5 · Cited by 6
How Are Families Faring? Perceived Family Functioning Among Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors in Comparison to Their Peers
Kamaladasa, D., Sansom‐Daly, U. M., Hetherington, K., McGill, B. C., Ellis, S. J., Kelada, L., Donoghoe, M. W., Evans, H. E., Anazodo, A. C., Patterson, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology · doi:10.1089/jayao.2020.0215 · Cited by 6
Psychological Flexibility, Mindfulness and Perceived Social Support as Predictors of Psychological Symptoms among Nursing Faculty Students at Mansoura University
Taha, S. M., & Elhay, E. S. A. (2022) · Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal · doi:10.21608/asnj.2022.112602.1287 · Cited by 7
Evaluation of Stress Scores Throughout Radiological Biopsies
Türkoğlu, Ö. K., & Mutlu, H. H. (2016) · Iranian Journal of Radiology · doi:10.5812/iranjradiol.37978 · Cited by 6
The relationship of alexithymia with depression, anxiety, stress, and fatigue among people under addiction treatment
Ghahari, S., Nezhad, S., Rad, M., Farrokhi, N., & Viesy, F. (2017) · Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.4103/atmph.atmph_589_17 · Cited by 6
Affective temperaments and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Ardanı, A. R., Tara, F., Hatami, S. B., Kashani, S. N., Emadzadeh, M., & Nahidi, M. (2021) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.1872648 · Cited by 7
Development of the “COVID-19 psychological impact Scale”: A validity and reliability study
Akan, Y. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02760-5 · Cited by 6
“Depression Anxiety Stress Scale: The scale was developed by Lovibond & Lovibond (1995), and the reliability and validity tests of the Turkish short form of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale were carried out by Yilmaz et al., (2017).”
Method
Exploratory study to understand association of emotional comorbidities and sleep with migraine
Singh, R., Joshi, A., Gupta, A. K., Mitra, A., & Rai, N. K. (2020) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2020.1858830 · Cited by 5
Psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale in a US college sample
Serpas, D. G., & Ignacio, D. A. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1975178 · Cited by 5
“The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) contains 21 items designed to measure depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms over the past two weeks.”
BackgroundMethod
The Relationship Between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Maintenance Processes, Emotional Distress, and Positive Psychotic Symptoms: Evidence That CBT Is “Not a Quasi-Neuroleptic”
Brockman, R. N., Kiernan, M. J., Brakoulias, V., & Murrell, E. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.28.2.101 · Cited by 5
Theoretical framework and protocol for the evaluation of Strong Through Every Mile (STEM), a structured running program for survivors of intimate partner violence
Maniccia, D. M., & Leone, J. M. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6991-y · Cited by 5
Social-Ecological measure of resilience: an adapted measure forPersian-speaking university students
Amini‐Tehrani, M., Nasiri, M., Sadeghi, R., Hoseini, E.-S., Jalali, T., & Zamanian, H. (2020) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.34172/hpp.2020.34 · Cited by 5
Danger Ideation Reduction Therapy (DIRT) for Atypical Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder: A Case Study
Clare, T. S. (2004) · Behaviour change · doi:10.1375/bech.21.3.186.55992 · Cited by 7
Eating disorder symptoms and corresponding evidence-based treatments: a narrative review
Ortiz, A. M. L., Peters, A. S., Webber, K. T., Butler, R. M., Fitterman-Harris, H. F., & Levinson, C. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01485-7 · Cited by 5
Investigating the Effects of Racial Identity on the Relationship Between Black Women’s Endorsement of Eurocentric Beauty Standards and Psychological Health
Williams, T. R., Sanders, S. M., Bass, J. E., Tookes‐Williams, K., Popplewell, R., Hooper, V. S., & Garcia-Aguilera, C. (2025) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2025.2515013 · Cited by 5
Predictive Modeling of Anxiety Levels in Bangladeshi University Students: A Voting-Based Approach with LIME and SHAP Explanations
Islam, M. T., Ashraf, K., Hosen, M. H., et al. (2024) · doi:10.1109/icaccess61735.2024.10499576 · Cited by 4
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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AMONG FIRST YEAR STUDENTS IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE IN J AND K, INDIA
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Parents at the sport competition: How they react, feel and cope with the event
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COVID-19 Lockdown Landslides: The negative impact of subsequent lockdowns on loneliness, wellbeing, and mental health of Australians
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Versorgung von Familien mit einem entwicklungsauffälligen oder behinderten Kind
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Effect of Vestibular Stimulation on Depression, Anxiety, Stress in Gastric Ulcer Patients
Rajan, S., Archana, R., Sailesh, K. S., Mishra, S., Vijay, A., Reddy, B. U. K., Mukkadan, J. K., & Antony, N. J. (2016) · Journal of Medical Sciences and Health · doi:10.46347/jmsh.2016.v02i01.006 · Cited by 4
Observer-Independent Assessment of Content Overlap in Mental Health Questionnaires: Large Language Model–Based Study
Böke, A., Hacker, H., Chakraborty, M., Baumeister-Lingens, L., Vöckel, J., Koenig, J., Vogel, D. H. V., Lichtenstein, T., Vogeley, K. T., Kambeitz‐Ilankovic, L., et al. (2025) · JMIR AI · doi:10.2196/79868 · Cited by 4
Relationship between stress, depression, anxiety and suicide ideation in nursing students: a cross-sectional study
Shamsaei, F., Yaghmaei, S., Tapak, L., & Sadeghian, E. (2019) · Minerva Psichiatrica · doi:10.23736/s0391-1772.19.02023-5 · Cited by 3
The depression, anxiety, and stress and their sociodemographic correlates among undergraduate medical students of Arsi University, Southeast Ethiopia
Melaku, L. S., & Bulcha, G. (2020) · International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences · doi:10.4103/ijhas.ijhas_81_19 · Cited by 3
Concurrent and Predictive Validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 in Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study with Controlling the Confounding Factors
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Intimate Partner Violence and Help-Seeking Among Iranian Women: Exploring the Role of Compassion and Psychological Consequences
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Associations of loneliness and sleep chronotype with depressive symptoms: a structural equation modeling approach
Xian, X., Wang, R., Yao, W., Shi, Q., Zeng, L., & Niu, T. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2571193 · Cited by 3
“It is intended to evaluate adverse emotional conditions, including depression, anxiety, and stress (Lovibond and Lovibond 2015).”
Mechanisms of change of traditional mindfulness practice in Thai adolescent students: a cross-sectional mediation study
Jarukasemthawee, S., Pisitsungkagarn, K., Leangsuksant, T., & Lara, G. N. (2018) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2018-0012 · Cited by 4
Are the knowledge of non-malignant asbestos-related diseases and lung function impairment differentially associated with psychological well-being? A cross-sectional study in formerly asbestos-exposed workers in Germany
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“DASS-21 The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21-item (DASS-21) is a 21- item self-report questionnaire assessing symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).”
Background
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Influential
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Authors: Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H.
ORCID: Lovibond, P. F.
Venue: PsycTESTS Dataset
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
DOI: 10.1037/t39835-000
OpenAlex: W2912629110
Cited by: 255
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
Type: dataset
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PsycTESTS Dataset (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: depression, anxiety, stress, psychological assessment, self-report questionnaire

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