X-Ray Single Crystal Photographs of Insulin
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In 1935, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkins took the first diffraction images of insulin crystals; she solved the crystal structure in 1969, showing insulin was a hexamer composed of three heterodimers.
“In 1935, a research fellow, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkins, took the first diffraction images of insulin crystals84. She would continue her work on the insulin molecule on and off throughout her career, ultimately solving the crystal structure in 1969 and showing that insulin was a hexamer composed of three heterodimers85.”
From 100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
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100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy
Sims, E. K., Carr, A. L. J., Oram, R. A., DiMeglio, L. A., & Evans-Molina, C. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01418-2 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
- Authors
- CROWFOOT, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- CROWFOOT, DOROTHY
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1935-04-13
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 3415
- Pages
- 591-592
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2027877999
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 15.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Enzyme Structure and Function
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Crystal structures of chemical compounds
- Keywords
- insulin, crystal structure, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, insulin crystals, zinc salts, protein crystallization, pepsin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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