Order of Stability of Metal Complexes
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The tendency for metal ions in aqueous solution to interact tightly with ligands is summarized in the Irving-Williams series: Mg2+ < Mn2+ < Fe2+ < Co2+ < Ni2+ < Cu2+ (and Cu+) > Zn2+.
“The tendency for metal ions in aqueous solution to interact tightly with ligands is summarized in the Irving-Williams series21,22 (here augmented with Mg2+ and Cu+): Mg2+ < Mn2+ < Fe2+ < Co2+ < Ni2+ < Cu2+ (and Cu+) > Zn2+.”
From Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
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Kinetic stability of metal–organic frameworks for corrosive and coordinating gas capture
Rieth, A. J., Wright, A. M., & Dincă, M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-019-0140-1 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
History of biological metal utilization inferred through phylogenomic analysis of protein structures
Dupont, C. L., Butcher, A., Valas, R. E., Bourne, P. E., & Caetano-Anollés, G. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0912491107 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Recent developments in copper and zinc homeostasis in bacterial pathogens
Braymer, J. J., & Giedroc, D. P. (2014) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.021 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Bacillithiol is a major buffer of the labile zinc pool in <scp><i>B</i></scp><i>acillus subtilis</i>
Ma, Z., Chandrangsu, P., Helmann, T. C., Romsang, A., Gaballa, A., & Helmann, J. D. (2014) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.12794 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Zinc excess increases cellular demand for iron and decreases tolerance to copper in Escherichia coli
Xu, Z., Wang, P., Wang, H., Yu, Z. H., Au-Yeung, H. Y., Hirayama, T., Sun, H., & Yan, A. (2019) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.010023 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“and Zn(II) than for Mn(II) and Fe(II)) (45).”
BackgroundIlari, A., Alaleona, F., Tria, G., Petrarca, P., Battistoni, A., Zamparelli, C., Verzili, D., Falconi, M., & Chiancone, E. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.010 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria
Helmann, J. D. (2025) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00726 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Pi, H., Wendel, B. M., & Helmann, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00711-19 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- IRVING, H., & WILLIAMS, R. J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1948-11
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 4123
- Pages
- 746-747
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2017980572
- Cited by
- 1,205
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Chemical and Physical Properties in Aqueous Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Synthesis and characterization of novel inorganic/organometallic compounds
- Keywords
- metal complexes, complex stability, divalent metal ions, coordination chemistry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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