The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Beginning with the classic papers of Carter (1974) and Carr & Rees (1979), and the extensive discussion of Barrow & Tipler (1986), a number of authors have noticed that very small changes in the laws, parameters and initial conditions of physics would result in a universe unable to evolve and support intelligent life.”
From The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life (2012) · cites this paper as Carr & Rees (1979)
Citations
Cites
HAWKING, S. W. (1974) · Nature · doi:10.1038/248030a0 · Cited by 5,669
Core condensation in heavy halos: a two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering
White, S. D. M., & Rees, M. J. (1978) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/183.3.341 · Cited by 3,919
Self-citation"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
Everett, H. (1957) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.29.454 · Cited by 3,379
DIRAC, P. A. M. (1937) · Nature · doi:10.1038/139323a0 · Cited by 1,495
Accretion of Interstellar Matter by Massive Objects.
Salpeter, E. E. (1964) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/147973 · Cited by 852
Rees, M., & Ostriker, J. (1977) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/179.4.541 · Cited by 728
Self-citationOn Nuclear Reactions Occuring in Very Hot STARS.I. the Synthesis of Elements from Carbon to Nickel.
Hoyle, F. (1954) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/190005 · Cited by 530
Silk, J. (1977) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/154972 · Cited by 510
The Highly Collapsed Configurations of a Stellar Mass. (Second Paper.)
Chandrasekhar, S. (1935) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/95.3.207 · Cited by 472
Sciama, D. W. (1953) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 · Cited by 459
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Dyson, F. J. in Aspects of Quantum Theory (eds Salam, A. & Wigner, E. P.) 213 (Cambridge University Press, 1972).
- Press, W. H. preprint (1973).
- Zeldovich, Y. B. J.E.T.P. Lett. 24, 25 (1977).
- Liang, E. preprint (1977).
- Isham, C. J., Salam, A. & Strathdee, J. Phys. Rev. D 3, 1805 (1971).
- Carter, B. Large Numbers in Astrophysics and Cosmology Paper presented at Clifford Centennial Meet., Princeton (1970).
- Kahn, F. D. in Emerging Universe (eds Jacobs, K. C. & Saslaw, W. C.) 71 (Virginia University Press, 1972).
- Weinberg, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1264 (1967): Salam, A. in Elementary Particle Theory (ed. Svartholm, N.) (Almquist and Wiksell, Stockhohn, 1968).
- Wheeler, J. A. in Gravitation Ch. 44 (1971).
- Patton, G. M. & Wheeler, J. A. in Quantum Gravity (eds Isham, C. J., Penrose, R. & Sciama, D. W.) Ch. 9 (Oxford University Press, 1975).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The fundamental constants and their variation: observational and theoretical status
Uzan, J. (2003) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.75.403 · Cited by 1,214
Varying Constants, Gravitation and Cosmology
Uzan, J. (2011) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.12942/lrr-2011-2 · Cited by 880
“Carr and Rees [79] then showed how one can scale up from atomic to cosmological scales only by using combinations of α EM , α G and me/mp.”
BackgroundInfluentialLinde, A. D. (1984) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/47/8/002 · Cited by 714
Dimensionless constants, cosmology, and other dark matters
Tegmark, M., Aguirre, A., Rees, M. J., & Wilczek, F. (2006) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.73.023505 · Cited by 401
Self-citationVarying Constants, Gravitation and Cosmology
Uzan, J. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 392
Metadata
- Authors
- Carr, B. J., & Rees, M. J.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1979-04
- Volume
- 278
- Issue
- 5705
- Pages
- 605-612
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2005379655
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- anthropic principle, fine-tuning, physical constants, coincidence problem, galaxy structure, star formation, planetary systems, gravity effects, evolution of life
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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