The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used to investigate almost all areas of cognitive neuroscience. This article discusses the most important (and least understood) considerations regarding the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for cognitive neuroscience and outlines advances in the use of this technique for the replication and extension of findings from neuropsychology. We also take a more speculative look forward to the emerging development of strategies for combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with other brain imaging technologies and methods in the cognitive neurosciences.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, the behavioral impact is broadly defined as ranging between 50% and 200% of the time of stimulation (14)”
From Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Specifically, we shortened the train of stimulation (10 Hz for 500 ms) and reduced the time between stimulation and task (application of TMS online during participants’ moral judgments), relying on the logic that the shorter the train of TMS and the shorter the interval between TMS and behavioral testing, the less likely it is for effects on distant regions to be responsible for changes in moral”
From Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
Chronometric explorations of mind
Posner, M. I. (1978) · Cited by 2,441
Wassermann, E. M. (1998) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/s0168-5597(97)00096-8 · Cited by 2,337
Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation
Stefan, K. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.3.572 · Cited by 1,484
Critchley, M. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,416
Cognitive Neuroscience and the Study of Memory
Milner, B. A., Squire, L. R., & Kandel, E. R. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80987-3 · Cited by 1,335
Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Processing of Singe Words
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M. A., & Raichle, M. E. (1989) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1989.1.2.153 · Cited by 1,298
Watson, J. D. G., Myers, R., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Hajnal, J. V., Woods, R. P., Mazziotta, J. C., Shipp, S. D., & Zeki, S. (1993) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/3.2.79 · Cited by 1,235
Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression
George, M. S., Wassermann, E. M., Williams, W. A., Callahan, A., Ketter, T. A., Basser, P., Hallett, M., & Post, R. M. (1995) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199510020-00008 · Cited by 954
The Role of Area 17 in Visual Imagery: Convergent Evidence from PET and rTMS
Kosslyn, S. M., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Félician, O., Camposano, S. E., Keenan, J. P., L., W., Thompson, Ganis, G., Sukel, K. E., & Alpert, N. M. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.167 · Cited by 756
Modulation of Cortical Motor Output Maps During Development of Implicit and Explicit Knowledge
Pascual‐Leone, Á., Grafman, J. H., & Hallett, M. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8122113 · Cited by 745
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 17
- Pascual–Leone, A., Walsh, V. & Rothwell, J. C. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: virtual lesion and chronometry. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (in the press).
- Masur, H., Papke, K. & Oberwittler, C. Suppression of visual perception by transcranial magnetic stimulation — experimental findings in healthy subjects and patients with optic neuritis. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 86, 259–267 (1993). · DOI
- Cowey, A. & Walsh, V. Tickling the brain. Prog. Brain Res. (in the press).
- Epstein, C. M. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (eds George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H.) 173–184 (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
- Lisanby, S. H., & Sackheim, H. A. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (eds George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H.) 185–200 (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
- Bellmaker, R. H., Einat, H., Levkovitz, Y., Segal, M. & Grisaru, N. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (eds George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H.) 163–172 (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
- Greenberg, B. D., & Rausch, S. L. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (eds George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H.) 209–222 (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
- Ingham, R. J., Fox, P. T., Ingham, J. C., Collins, J. & Pridgen, S. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (eds George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H.) 223–236 (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
- Nahas, Z., Molloy, M., Risch, S. C., & George, M. S. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (eds George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H.) 237–251 (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
- Lorberbaum, J. P. & Wasserman, E. M. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (eds George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H.) 141–162 (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
- Barker, A. T. An introduction to the basic principles of magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 51, 1–21 (1999).
- Bohning, D. E. in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (eds George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H.) 13–44 (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
- Donders, F. C. in Attention and Performance II (ed. Koster, W. G.) 412–431 (North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, 1969).
- Gazzaniga, M., Bogen, J. E. & Sperry, R. E. Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commisures. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 245, 947–952 (1962).
- Mackay, G. & Dunlop, J. C. The cerebral lesions in a case of complete acquired colour-blindness. Scot. Med. Surg. J. 5, 503–512 (1899).
- Stewart, L. M., Frith, U., Meyer, B.-U. & Rothwell, J. TMS over BA37 impairs picture naming. Neuropsychologia (in the press).
- George, M. S. & Bellmaker, R. H. (eds) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry (American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 810
METHODS FOR COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
Postle, B. R. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394266982.ch3 · Cited by 1
Affinito, M., Galotto, L., & Privitera, F. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5247002 · Cited by 1
Blampain, J. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b05b1116z587cz4311zb2cez5ff78816d825 · Cited by 1
Mirror-touch synaesthesia: the role of sharedrepresentations in social cognition
Banissy, M. J. (2010) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Conscious and Unconscious Processing in Visual Spatial Selection
Mulckhuijse, M. G. J. (2005) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Research Techniques and the Bilingual Brain
Conboy, B. T. (2012) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1010
A model of performance improvement induced by TMS
Katz, B. (2003) · IEEE Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC) · doi:10.1109/nebc.2002.999515
Chapter 43 Research studies in normal subjects and patients: current and future
Rothwell, J. C. (2003) · Handbook of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-4231(09)70191-1
Non-invasive investigation of human brain function
Nagamine, T. (2010) · Rinsho Shinkeigaku · doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.628
De primaire visuele schors: nieuwe inzichten door transcraniële magnetische stimulatie
Jolij, J. (2005) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/bf03079036
Magnetic Field Distribution and Application of a Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Drug Addicts
Chang, Y., Song, M., Gao, B., Chen, N., Li, L., & Wang, H. (2009) · International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163023
Probing visual consciousness with transcranial magnetic stimulation
Allen, C. P. G. (2012) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Scanning hall probe microscopy technique for investigation of magnetic properties
Sobat, Z., Hassani, S. S., Ahangari, M. G., Kiani, S., & Mehdizadeh, A. (2015) · International journal of nanodimension. · doi:10.7508/ijnd.2015.04.001
Monteon, J. A., Sergio, L. E., & Crawford, J. D. (2006)
From Single-Cell Neuropathology to Mathematics Education
Kadosh, R. C. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.59
Bob, P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0436-1_7
Jackson, R. L. (2014) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Jones, R. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35077517
Ashaie, S. A. (2016) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Interdependence between Our Mental Workspace and External Environment
Kiyonaga, A. (2015)
Goodale, M. A., & Milner, A. D. (2013) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596966.003.0005
Green, R. J. (2016) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Drljačić, D., Pajic, S., Nedeljković, A., Milanović, S., & Ilic, T. V. (2016) · Vojnosanitetski pregled · doi:10.2298/vsp151120249d
Bona, S. (2016) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Stimulationsintensitäten in kognitiven Paradigmen
Kaminski, J. A. (2015) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden)
"MagStim": Micromagnetic Neurostimulation for Implantable Systems.
Srinivas, S. (2011) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Segregated and integrated hemispheric processes in vision and movement
Chiang, T.-C. (2006) · Doctoral thesis, University of London.
Estimulación magnética transcraneal
Tormos, J. M., Estébañez, C. R., Valero‐Cabré, A., Giménez, J. C., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-458-1776-6.50010-1
Neuromodulation for depression: Insights gained from neuroimaging and computational models
Pathak, Y. J. (2014) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)
Mapping of Further Brain Functions
Ille, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54918-7_11
The role of the prefrontal cortex in the control of dual-task gait
Wrightson, J. G. (2016)
The effect of experimental pain on neural function and motor learning
Dancey, E. (2017) · e-scholar@UOIT (University of Ontario Institute of Technology)
Neto, R. M. D. A. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2017.tde-25102017-153544
Synchrosqueezing algorithm application in TMS-EEG analysis
Bai, Y., Wang, Y., Niu, Z., & Xiaoli Li, A. (2017) · Chinese Automation Congress · doi:10.1109/cac.2017.8242911
Young, G. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02493-2_8
How the brain controls hand actions : TMS, fMRI and behavioural studies
Tonin, D. (2018) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Puls, L., & Diego, L. (2019) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Tsitlakidis, A., Foroglou, N., Moschou, M., Chatzikyriakou, E., Κούσκουρας, Κ., Patsalas, I., & Kimiskidis, V. Κ. (2020) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35687-3_9
TMS and TMS-EEG studies on the excitability, connectivity and plasticity of the human motor cortex
Ferreri, F. (2011) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland)
An Analysis of EEG Nonlinear Interdependence for TMS over the Left VLPFC during Emotion Regulation
Yan, Y., Xiao, S., Tang, Y., & Li, Y. (2020) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc42975.2020.9283089
Neuromodulation of brain rhythms and connectivity
Eggermont, J. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819818-6.00003-0
Donkor, R. (2021) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Towards a causal role of Broca’s area in language: A TMS-EEG study on syntactic predictionPreprint
Maran, M., Numssen, O., Hartwigsen, G., Friederici, A. D., & Zaccarella, E. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439631
Does TMS increase BOLD activity at the site of stimulation?Preprint
Rafiei, F., & Rahnev, D. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.13830
Lexical Processes (Word Knowledge): Psychological, Computational and Neural Aspects
Ralph, M. A. L. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.53018-9
Comparison of Coil Designs for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of a Pig Model
Afuwape, O. F., Runge, J., Bentil, S. A., & Jiles, D. C. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629707
Hallett, M. (2006) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1018754.375074
(2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9780470689394.refs
Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with (f)MRI
Hartwigsen, G., Kassuba, T., & Siebner, H. R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41874-8_12
Wisneski, L., Gurfein, B., Barsotti, T., Chevalier, G., Mills, P. J., & Muehsam, D. J. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315153889-9 · Cited by 1
Neurofeedback and neuromodulation
Eggermont, J. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91912-8.00014-1
(2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374226-1.00013-9
(2007) · Science in China Series C-Life Sciences (in Chinese) · doi:10.1360/zc2007-37-3-363
Immediate effect of quadri-pulse stimulation on human brain microstructuresPreprint
Kimura, I., Hayashi, M. J., & Amano, K. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537631
TMS-induced inhibition of the left premotor cortex modulates illusory social perception
Peylo, C., Sterner, E., Zeng, Y., Bingger, A., Engelhardt, G., Gnam, V., Gottmann, M., Leininger, C., Lukasova, Z., Mersmann, K., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107297
de Almeida, C. C. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2023.tde-01082023-171519
Ahn, E., Majumdar, A., Lee, T. G., & Brang, D. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568892
Fassi, L., Hochman, S., Daskalakis, Z. J., Blumberger, D. M., & Kadosh, R. C. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88889.2
Top-down perceptual modulation of pattern but not component tuned motion circuits in V1Preprint
Beneyton, K., Heilbron, M., Kennedy, H., Knoblauch, K., & de Lange, F. P. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.16.571695
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION OF VISUAL SIGNALS
Postle, B. R. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781394266982.ch4
Wang, T. (2024) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20240229tw
Evaluating Frontoparietal Network Topography for Diagnostic Markers of Alzheimer’s DiseasePreprint
Rogers, B. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4221908/v1
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Conforto, A. B., & da Guarda, S. N. F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49963-0_26
Evaluating frontoparietal network topography for diagnostic markers of Alzheimer’s disease
Rogers, B. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64699-w
Neurostimulation Tools and Approaches
Heaton, K. J., Ridgewell, C., Couse, J., & Neumeier, W. H. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003378969-9
Nöromodülasyon Kavramı ve İnme Sonrası Afazi Müdahalesindeki Güncel Rolü
Kurada, H. Z. (2024) · Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.58563/dkyad-2024.72.5
Houde, F., Butler, R., St‐Onge, E., Martel, M., Thivierge, V., Descoteaux, M., Whittingstall, K., & Léonard, G. (2024) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2024.103011
Ringing suppression design for pulse parameter controllable transcranial magnetic stimulation
Zhang, Z., Ding, H., He, Z., Zhao, C., Fang, X. T., Zhang, D., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/adaef1
Zhang, Z., Ding, H., Yu, S., & He, Z. (2025) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-4856-6_4
Right Parietal rTMS Induces Bidirectional Effects of Selective Attention upon Object Integration
Conci, M., Nowack, L., Taylor, P. C. J., Finke, K., & Müller, H. J. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15050483
Sensing the unsensed: Ionizing radiation at the boundaries of human perception
Durante, M. (2025) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2025.09.003
Mapping of Further Brain Functions
Ille, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97155-6_12
nTMS Language Mapping: Basic Principles and Clinical Use
Mäkelä, J. P., & Laakso, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97155-6_9 · Cited by 1
Pollock, J., Pfeiffer, M., Sigelmier, G., & Miller, C. (2025) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95615-7_6
Escalante, Y. R., Beck, O. N., & Lei, Y. (2026) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00014.2026
How to design a NIBS study in the cognitive domain: Common pitfalls and recommendations
Hartwigsen, G., Bergmann, T. O., O’Shea, J., Silvanto, J., & Sack, A. T. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26602-7.00008-7
The modulation of visuospatial awareness in the human brain using transcranial magnetic stimulation
Oliver, R. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
蓝新隆, Zhang, S., Liu, H., Liu, W., & Liu, T. (2025) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3108/1/012003
Hamilton, R. H. (2026) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000214611
Chevalier, G., & Rubik, B. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33018-6.00011-7
The Case for Mindful Customer Protection
Affinito, M., Galotto, L., & Privitera, F. (2026) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-026-09611-x · Cited by 1
Wright, J. M., Appelbaum, L. G., Smith, S. L., Overath, T., Kaplan, S. J., Cooper, M. W., Ronen, O., Tobi, T., Peterchev, A. V., & Francis, H. W. (2026) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2026.109576
Gholampour, M., Mahdavi, E., & Amirzadeh, M. (2026) · Journal of the Korean Physical Society · doi:10.1007/s40042-026-01597-6
Fang, X. T., Li, Y., Cen, L., Xu, H., Lin, Y., & Zhang, T. (2026) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0307840
Sayadi, H., Qarehdaghi, H., Pouretemad, H., & Rad, J. A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0343776
Saitovitch, A. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ddd5f246z0fe4z4134z8a28z27d0a24aed40
Connectivity and Processing in the Macaque Cerebral Cortex
Gariel, M.-A. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f0800cc4zde67z408bzbb7fz331bc22fbfbd
Metadata
- Authors
- Walsh, V., & Cowey, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Walsh, Vincent
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-80
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W1583548689
- Cited by
- 814
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- transcranial magnetic stimulation, cognitive neuroscience, neuropsychology, replication of findings, non-invasive brain stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Diagnostic Imaging, Electric Stimulation, Humans, Motor Activity, Neuropsychological Tests, Cognitive Science, Electromagnetic Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review