The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus
Open accessAbstract
Chromophyte algae differ fundamentally from plants in possessing chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll c and that have a more complex bounding-membrane topology. Although chromophytes are known to be evolutionary chimaeras of a red alga and a non-photosynthetic host, which gave rise to their exceptional membrane complexity, their cell biology is poorly understood. Cryptomonads are the only chromophytes that still retain the enslaved red algal nucleus as a minute nucleomorph. Here we report complete sequences for all three nucleomorph chromosomes from the cryptomonad Guillardia theta. This tiny 551-kilobase eukaryotic genome is the most gene-dense known, with only 17 diminutive spliceosomal introns and 44 overlapping genes. Marked evolutionary compaction hundreds of millions of years ago eliminated nearly all the nucleomorph genes for metabolic functions, but left 30 for chloroplast-located proteins. To allow expression of these proteins, nucleomorphs retain hundreds of genetic-housekeeping genes. Nucleomorph DNA replication and periplastid protein synthesis require the import of many nuclear gene products across endoplasmic reticulum and periplastid membranes. The chromosomes have centromeres, but possibly only one loop domain, offering a means for studying eukaryotic chromosome replication, segregation and evolution.
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“T1–T8 all indicate independent secondary symbioses (plastid origins from eukaryotic symbionts; refs. 2, 3, and 8) each for Euglena, and importantly for Guillardia and Odontella.”
From Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis , cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus (2002) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cites
A revised six-kingdom system of life
Cavalier‐Smith, T. (1998) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0006323198005167 · Cited by 1,213
Self-citationProgress in Phycological Research
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Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999) · Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04614.x · Cited by 633
Self-citationMembrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2000) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01598-3 · Cited by 482
Self-citationA Computational Screen for Methylation Guide snoRNAs in Yeast
Lowe, T. M., & Eddy, S. R. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5405.1168 · Cited by 467
Meyer, H. H., Shorter, J., Seemann, J., Pappin, D., & Warren, G. (2000) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/19.10.2181 · Cited by 446
Progress in Phycological Research
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Heterogeneity of eukaryotic replicons, replicon clusters, and replication foci
Berezney, R., Dubey, D., & Huberman, J. (2000) · Chromosoma · doi:10.1007/s004120050399 · Cited by 390
Genome-wide bioinformatic and molecular analysis of introns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SPINGOLA, M., GRATE, L., HAUSSLER, D., & ARES, M. (1999) · RNA · doi:10.1017/s1355838299981682 · Cited by 316
Douglas, S., & Penny, S. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/pl00006462 · Cited by 304
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The Genome of the Diatom Thalassiosira Pseudonana : Ecology, Evolution, and Metabolism
Armbrust, E. V., Berges, J. A., Bowler, C., Green, B. R., Martínez, D., Putnam, N. H., Zhou, S., Allen, A. E., Apt, K. E., Bechner, M., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1101156 · Cited by 2,029
Martin, W., Rujan, T., Richly, E., Hansen, A., Cornelsen, S., Lins, T., Leister, D., Stoebe, B., Hasegawa, M., & Penny, D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.182432999 · Cited by 1,178
Genome sequence of the ultrasmall unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D
Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Shin‐I, T., Maruyama, S., Takahara, M., Miyagishima, S., Mori, T., Nishida, K., Yagisawa, F., Nishida, K., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02398 · Cited by 1,086
Genome sequence and gene compaction of the eukaryote parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Katinka, M., Duprat, S., Cornillot, E., Méténier, G., Thomarat, F., Prensier, G., Barbe, V., Peyretaillade, E., Brottier, P., Wincker, P., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35106579 · Cited by 1,051
The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids
Keeling, P. J. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103 · Cited by 783
Metadata
- Authors
- Douglas, S., Zauner, S., Fraunholz, M., Beaton, M., Penny, S., Deng, L.-T., Wu, X., Reith, M., Cavalier-Smith, T., & Maier, U.-G.
- Affiliations
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2001-04-26
- Volume
- 410
- Issue
- 6832
- Pages
- 1091-1096
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1582655487
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 12.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- European Commission
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- nucleomorph, cryptophytes, Guillardia theta, genome reduction, spliceosomal introns, chloroplast proteins, centromere, chromosome replication, chromosome segregation, endoplasmic reticulum
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Base Sequence, Cell Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Chromosome Mapping, Molecular Sequence Data, Symbiosis, Genome, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Eukaryota
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