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A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way
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Many galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes at their centres-more than a million times the mass of the Sun. Measurements of stellar velocities and the discovery of variable X-ray emission have provided strong evidence in favour of such a black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, but have hitherto been unable to rule out conclusively the presence of alternative concentrations of mass. Here we report ten years of high-resolution astrometric imaging that allows us to trace two-thirds of the orbit of the star currently closest to the compact radio source (and massive black-hole candidate) Sagittarius A*. The observations, which include both pericentre and apocentre passages, show that the star is on a bound, highly elliptical keplerian orbit around Sgr A*, with an orbital period of 15.2 years and a pericentre distance of only 17 light hours. The orbit with the best fit to the observations requires a central point mass of (3.7 +/- 1.5) x 10(6) solar masses (M(*)). The data no longer allow for a central mass composed of a dense cluster of dark stellar objects or a ball of massive, degenerate fermions.
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“very similar to the MW black hole, M bh ≈ 4 × 10 6 M ⊙ (Genzel et al. 1996; Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2003; EHT Collaboration et al. 2022a).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Schödel et al. 2002
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“Our Galaxy is known to contain a supermassive black hole (SMBH) of mass M bh ≈ 4 . 14 × 10 6 M ⊙ at its center, Sgr A ∗ , at a distance of D = 8 . 127 kpc (Genzel et al. 1996; Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2003; Genzel et al. 2010; GRAVITY Collaboration et al. 2019; EHT Collaboration et al. 2022a).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Schödel et al. 2002
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Self-citationThe Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
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“…Milky Way (MW) is most probably similar to NGC 3079 which also has a central black (mass ∼ 2 × 10 6 M ⊙ ; Trotter et al. 1998; Kondratko et al. 2005), very similar to the MW black hole, M bh ≈ 4 × 10 6 M ⊙ (Genzel et al. 1996; Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2003; EHT Collaboration et al. 2022a).”
BackgroundApproaching hell’s kitchen: Molecular daredevil clouds in the vicinity of Sagittarius A*
Moser, L., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Eckart, A., Requena-Torres, M. A., García-Marin, M., Kunneriath, D., Zensus, A., Britzen, S., Sabha, N., Shahzamanian, B., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628385 · Cited by 34
Self-citationMultiwavelength study of the flaring activity of Sagittarius A in 2014 February−April
Mossoux, E., Grosso, N., Bushouse, H., Eckart, A., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Plambeck, R. L., Peißker, F., Valencia-S., M., Porquet, D., Cotton, W. D., et al. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527554 · Cited by 33
Self-citationTaverna, R., Zhang, W., Dovčiak, M., Bianchi, S., Bursa, M., Karas, V., & Matt, G. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa598 · Cited by 34
Schödel, R., Eckart, A., Mužić, K., Meyer, L., Viehmann, T., & Bower, G. C. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066590 · Cited by 34
Self-citationProbing the Origin of Changing-look Quasar Transitions with Chandra
Yang, Q., Green, P. J., MacLeod, C. L., Plotkin, R. M., Anderson, S. F., Bieryla, A., Civano, F., Eracleous, M., Graham, M. J., Ruan, J. J., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdedd · Cited by 33
Heard, V., & Warwick, R. S. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts284 · Cited by 33
Jia, S., Lu, J. R., Sakai, S., Gautam, A. K., Do, T., Hosek, M. W., Service, M., Ghez, A. M., Gallego-Cano, E., Schödel, R., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab01de · Cited by 37
Self-citationγ-ray/infrared luminosity correlation of star-forming galaxies
Kornecki, P., Pellizza, L., del Palacio, S., Müller, A. L., Albacete-Colombo, J. F., & Romero, G. E. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038428 · Cited by 26
Modelling the black hole silhouette in Sagittarius A* with ion tori
Straub, O., Vincent, F. H., Abramowicz, M. A., Gourgoulhon, É., & Paumard, T. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219209 · Cited by 33
Huang, L., Takahashi, R., & Shen, Z.-Q. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/706/2/960 · Cited by 33
On the Origin of the Kinematic Distribution of the Subparsec Young Stars in the Galactic Center
Yu, Q., Lu, Y., & Lin, D. N. C. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/520622 · Cited by 32
Computation of mass loss from viscous accretion disc in presence of cooling
Das, S., & Chattopadhyay, I. (2008) · New Astronomy · doi:10.1016/j.newast.2008.02.003 · Cited by 33
Cherepashchuk, A. M. (2003) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.0173.200304a.0345 · Cited by 33
The Galactic Center as a laboratory for theories of gravity and dark matter
Laurentis, M. D., Martino, I. D., & Monica, R. D. (2023) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ace91b · Cited by 38
Vitale, S., & Zanolin, M. (2010) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.82.124065 · Cited by 32
A systematicChandrastudy of Sgr A⋆– I. X-ray flare detection
Yuan, Q., & Wang, Q. D. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2778 · Cited by 32
Statistical mechanics of self-gravitating systems in general relativity: I. The quantum Fermi gas
Chavanis, P.-H. (2020) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00268-0 · Cited by 36
Where Does the Physics of Extreme Gravitational Collapse Reside?
Barceló, C., Carballo-Rubio, R., & Garay Elizondo, L. J. (2016) · Library Open Repository (Universidad Complutense Madrid) · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Schödel, R., Ott, T., Genzel, R., Hofmann, R., Lehnert, M., Eckart, A., Mouawad, N., Alexander, T., Reid, M. J., Lenzen, R., Hartung, M., Lacombe, F., Rouan, D., Gendron, E., Rousset, G., Lagrange, A.-M., Brandner, W., Ageorges, N., Lidman, C., Moorwood, A. F. M., Spyromilio, J., Hubin, N., & Menten, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Observatoire de Paris (FR)
- Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales (FR)
- European Southern Observatory (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schödel, R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 419
- Issue
- 6908
- Pages
- 694-696
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2001876144
- Cited by
- 1,166
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 46.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- European Southern Observatory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Sgr A*, supermassive black holes, S2 star, stellar orbits, astrometry, Galactic Center, Keplerian orbits, central mass concentration
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