The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Flying and swimming animals cruise at a Strouhal number tuned for high power efficiency
Abstract
Dimensionless numbers are important in biomechanics because their constancy can imply dynamic similarity between systems, despite possible differences in medium or scale. A dimensionless parameter that describes the tail or wing kinematics of swimming and flying animals is the Strouhal number, St = fA/U, which divides stroke frequency (f) and amplitude (A) by forward speed (U). St is known to govern a well-defined series of vortex growth and shedding regimes for airfoils undergoing pitching and heaving motions. Propulsive efficiency is high over a narrow range of St and usually peaks within the interval 0.2 < St < 0.4 (refs 3-8). Because natural selection is likely to tune animals for high propulsive efficiency, we expect it to constrain the range of St that animals use. This seems to be true for dolphins, sharks and bony fish, which swim at 0.2 < St < 0.4. Here we show that birds, bats and insects also converge on the same narrow range of St, but only when cruising. Tuning cruise kinematics to optimize St therefore seems to be a general principle of oscillatory lift-based propulsion.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Previous work has demonstrated that bony fish swimming tends to fall in a significantly lower range of 0 . 2 < St < 0 . 4 [27].”
From Measurements and modeling of swimming speed dependence on stroke frequency in scyphozoan jellyfish (2026) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Boletzky [36] describes how juvenile squid use cilia to propel themselves out of the viscous egg sac and use jet propulsion once they are free in the water.”
From Reynolds number limits for jet propulsion: a numerical study of simplified jellyfish (2011) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
Cites
Oscillating foils of high propulsive efficiency
Anderson, J. M., Streitlien, K., Barrett, D. S., & Triantafyllou, M. S. (1998) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/s0022112097008392 · Cited by 1,296
Principles of Animal Locomotion
Alexander, R. M. (2002) · doi:10.1515/9781400849512 · Cited by 1,151
Hydrodynamics of Fishlike Swimming
Triantafyllou, M. S., Triantafyllou, G. S., & Yue, D. K. P. (2000) · Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.32.1.33 · Cited by 999
Optimal Thrust Development in Oscillating Foils with Application to Fish Propulsion
Triantafyllou, G. S., Triantafyllou, M. S., & Grosenbaugh, M. A. (1993) · Journal of Fluids and Structures · doi:10.1006/jfls.1993.1012 · Cited by 887
Form and Function in Avian Flight
Rayner, J. M. V. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_1 · Cited by 544
Forces on oscillating foils for propulsion and maneuvering
Read, D. A., Hover, F. S., & Triantafyllou, M. S. (2003) · Journal of Fluids and Structures · doi:10.1016/s0889-9746(02)00115-9 · Cited by 505
Wake mechanics for thrust generation in oscillating foils
Triantafyllou, M. S., Triantafyllou, G. S., & Gopalkrishnan, R. (1991) · Physics of Fluids A Fluid Dynamics · doi:10.1063/1.858173 · Cited by 501
Source–sink balance and carbon allocation below ground in plants exposed to ozone
Andersen, C. P. (2003) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00674.x · Cited by 500
Urbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City
Gregg, J. W., Jones, C. G., & Dawson, T. E. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01728 · Cited by 472
Growth of Continental-Scale Metro-Agro-Plexes, Regional Ozone Pollution, and World Food Production
Chameides, W. L., Kasibhatla, P. S., Yienger, J. J., & Levy, H., II (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.264.5155.74 · Cited by 443
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 992
An experimental study of the unsteady vortex structures in the wake of a root-fixed flapping wing
Hu, H., Clemons, L., & Igarashi, H. (2011) · Experiments in Fluids · doi:10.1007/s00348-011-1052-z · Cited by 43
Enhancement of propulsive performance of flapping foil by fish-like motion pattern
Karbasian, H. R., & Esfahani, J. A. (2017) · Computers & Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2017.07.016 · Cited by 43
Dynamics of flow around a pitching hydrofoil
Alam, M. M., & Muhammad, Z. (2020) · Journal of Fluids and Structures · doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2020.103151 · Cited by 43
How Animals Move: Comparative Lessons on Animal Locomotion
Schaeffer, P. J., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110059 · Cited by 46
Biomimetic Realization of a Robotic Penguin Wing: Design and Thrust Characteristics
Shen, Y., Harada, N., Katagiri, S., & Tanaka, H. (2020) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2020.3038224 · Cited by 42
How are Strouhal number, drag, and efficiency adjusted in high level underwater monofin-swimming?
Nicolas, G., Bideau, B., Colobert, B., & Berton, É. (2007) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2007.03.002 · Cited by 42
Fluid Dynamics of Pitching and Plunging Flat Plate at Intermediate Reynolds Numbers
Kang, C.-K., Aono, H., Baik, Y. S., Bernal, L. P., & Shyy, W. (2012) · AIAA Journal · doi:10.2514/1.j051593 · Cited by 41
Aerodynamic forces and flow fields of a two-dimensional hovering wing
Lua, K. B., Lim, T. T., & Yeo, K. S. (2008) · Experiments in Fluids · doi:10.1007/s00348-008-0527-z · Cited by 41
Zhao, Z., & Dou, L. (2019) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106117 · Cited by 41
Hoover, B. A., Yaw, S., & Middleton, R. S. (2019) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2019.1675885 · Cited by 41
Metachronal Motion across Scales: Current Challenges and Future Directions
Byron, M., Murphy, D. W., Katija, K., Hoover, A., Daniels, J., Garayev, K., Takagi, D., Kanso, E. A., Gemmell, B. J., Ruszczyk, M., et al. (2021) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icab105 · Cited by 41
Optimization of Flapping Motion Parameters for Two Airfoils in a Biplane Configuration
Kaya, M., Tuncer, I. H., Jones, K. D., & Platzer, M. F. (2009) · Journal of Aircraft · doi:10.2514/1.38796 · Cited by 41
A Potential Role for Bat Tail Membranes in Flight Control
Gardiner, J., Dimitriadis, G., Codd, J. R., & Nudds, R. L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018214 · Cited by 40
State-Space Adaptation of Unsteady Lifting Line Theory: Twisting/Flapping Wings of Finite Span
Izraelevitz, J., Zhu, Q., & Triantafyllou, M. S. (2017) · AIAA Journal · doi:10.2514/1.j055144 · Cited by 40
Vortex interactions with flapping wings and fins can be unpredictable
Lentink, D., van Heijst, G. F., Muijres, F. T., & LEEUWEN, J. L. V. (2010) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0806 · Cited by 40
Spectral identification of ozone‐damaged pine needles
Vittorio, A. D., & Biging, G. S. (2009) · International Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/01431160802558725 · Cited by 39
Tunable Stiffness Caudal Peduncle Leads to Higher Swimming Speed Without Extra Energy
Liu, S., Liu, C., Liang, Y., Ren, L., & Ren, L. (2023) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2023.3300587 · Cited by 39
Analytical insights into optimality and resonance in fish swimming
Kohannim, S., & Iwasaki, T. (2014) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.1073 · Cited by 39
Data-Assisted Modeling and Speed Control of a Robotic Fish
Verma, S., & Xu, J. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2016.2613500 · Cited by 39
Zhu, Z., Wei, N., Xie, H., Zhang, R., Bai, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Wang, S., Peng, L., Dai, L., et al. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601572 · Cited by 38
Fluid-structure interaction of a fully passive flapping foil for flow energy extraction
Qadri, M. N. M., Zhao, F., & Tang, H. (2020) · International Journal of Mechanical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105587 · Cited by 38
Porpoising foil as a propulsion system
Floc’h, F., Phoemsapthawee, S., Laurens, J. M., & Leroux, J.-B. (2011) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2011.11.005 · Cited by 38
Multiple leading edge vortices of unexpected strength in freely flying hawkmoth
Johansson, L., Engel, S., Kelber, A., KleinHeerenbrink, M., & Hedenström, A. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep03264 · Cited by 37
Drag–thrust transition and wake structures of a pitching foil undergoing asymmetric oscillation
Chao, L.-M., Alam, M. M., & Ji, C. (2021) · Journal of Fluids and Structures · doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2021.103289 · Cited by 37
Energy harvesting from passive oscillation of inverted foil
Alam, M. M., Chao, L.-M., Rehman, S., Ji, C., & Wang, H. (2021) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0056567 · Cited by 37
Lateral flow interactions enhance speed and stabilize formations of flapping swimmers
Newbolt, J. W., Zhang, J., & Ristroph, L. (2022) · Physical Review Fluids · doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.7.l061101 · Cited by 36
A Review of Robotic Fish Based on Smart Materials
Ma, S., Zhao, Q., Ding, M., Zhang, M., Zhao, L., Huang, C., Zhang, J., Liang, X., Yuan, J., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics8020227 · Cited by 36
Vorticity transport mechanisms governing the development of leading-edge vortices
Akkala, J., & Buchholz, J. (2017) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2017.559 · Cited by 36
Thielicke, W., & Stamhuis, E. J. (2018) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/aad5a3 · Cited by 36
Hydrodynamics of Biomimetic Marine Propulsion and Trends in Computational Simulations
Galdo, M. I. L., & Rodriguez, C. G. (2020) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse8070479 · Cited by 36
Numerical Studies on Locomotion Perfromance of Fishlike Tail Fins
Li, G., Zhu, L., & Lu, X. (2012) · Journal of Hydrodynamics · doi:10.1016/s1001-6058(11)60270-9 · Cited by 38
Insects Versus Birds: The Great Divide (Invited)
Ellington, C. P. (2006) · AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit · doi:10.2514/6.2006-35 · Cited by 36
Aerodynamic modeling of a flapping membrane wing using motion tracking experiments
Harmon, R. (2008) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · Cited by 36
Flow interaction of three-dimensional self-propelled flexible plates in tandem
Arranz, G., Flores, Ó., & García‐Villalba, M. (2021) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2021.918 · Cited by 37
FORELIMB POSTURE IN DINOSAURS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE AVIAN FLAPPING FLIGHT-STROKE
Nudds, R. L., & Dyke, G. J. (2009) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00613.x · Cited by 35
Insects in flight: direct visualization and flow measurements
Bomphrey, R. J. (2006) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3182/1/4/s01 · Cited by 35
Harada, N., Oura, T., Maeda, M., Shen, Y., Kikuchi, D. M., & Tanaka, H. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.242140 · Cited by 35
Bioinspiring an Interest in STEM
Laut, J., Bartolini, T., & Porfiri, M. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Education · doi:10.1109/te.2014.2324533 · Cited by 34
Spider locomotion on the water surface: biomechanics and diversity
Suter, R. B. (2013) · Journal of Arachnology · doi:10.1636/m13-14 · Cited by 34
Optimal specific wavelength for maximum thrust production in undulatory propulsion
Nangia, N., Bale, R., Chen, N., Hanna, Y. G., & Patankar, N. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179727 · Cited by 34
Aerodynamic efficiency of a bioinspired flapping wing rotor at low Reynolds number
Li, H., & Guo, S. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.171307 · Cited by 34
Performance augmentation mechanism of tandem flapping foils with stroke time-asymmetry
Wang, G., Ng, B. F., Teo, Z. W., Lua, K. B., & Bao, Y. (2021) · Aerospace Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ast.2021.106939 · Cited by 34
Optimisation of two-dimensional undulatory swimming at high Reynolds number
Eloy, C., & Schouveiler, L. (2010) · International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics · doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2010.12.007 · Cited by 34
Aerodynamic Multiobjective Design Exploration of a Flapping Airfoil Using a Navier-Stokes Solver
Oyama, A., Okabe, Y., Shimoyama, K., & Fujii, K. (2009) · Journal of Aerospace Computing Information and Communication · doi:10.2514/1.35992 · Cited by 34
Straight-line climbing flight aerodynamics of a fruit bat
Viswanath, K., Nagendra, K., Cotter, J., Frauenthal, M., & Tafti, D. K. (2014) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.4864297 · Cited by 33
CFD Studies of the Effects of Waveform on Swimming Performance of Carangiform Fish
Cui, Z., Gu, X., Li, K., & Jiang, H. (2017) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app7020149 · Cited by 33
Hamlet, C., Hoffman, K. A., Tytell, E. D., & Fauci, L. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006324 · Cited by 35
Scaling of oscillatory kinematics and Froude efficiency in baleen whales
Gough, W. T., Smith, H. J., Savoca, M. S., Czapanskiy, M. F., Fish, F. E., POTVIN, J., Bierlich, K. C., Cade, D. E., Clemente, J. D., Kennedy, J. F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.237586 · Cited by 33
Curet, O., Swartz, S. M., & Breuer, K. (2013) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0940 · Cited by 33
Estimate of Strouhal and Reynolds numbers for swimming penguins
Masud, M. H., Mantia, M. L., & Dabnichki, P. (2021) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1111/jav.02886 · Cited by 32
Role of vertical migration in biogenic ocean mixing
Dabiri, J. O. (2010) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2010gl043556 · Cited by 32
Intermittent locomotion of a fish-like swimmer driven by passive elastic mechanism
Dai, L., He, G., Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2018) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/aad419 · Cited by 32
Estimating lift from wake velocity data in flapping flight
Wang, S., He, G., & Liu, T. (2019) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2019.181 · Cited by 32
Fluid Dynamics of Pitching and Plunging Airfoils of Reynolds Number between 1×10^4 and 6×10^4
Kang, C.-K., Baik, Y. S., Bernal, L. P., Ol, M., & Shyy, W. (2009) · AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting · doi:10.2514/6.2009-536 · Cited by 32
Wake structure and kinematics in two insectivorous bats
Hubel, T. Y., Hristov, N. I., Swartz, S. M., & Breuer, K. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0385 · Cited by 32
Wen, L., Liang, J., Wu, G., & Li, J. (2010) · International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering · Cited by 32
Agile robotic fish based on direct drive of continuum body
Iguchi, K., Shimooka, T., Uchikai, S., Konno, Y., Tanaka, H., Ikemoto, Y., & Shintake, J. (2024) · npj Robotics · doi:10.1038/s44182-024-00014-z · Cited by 33
On the formation modes in vortex interaction for multiple co-axial co-rotating vortex rings
Qin, S., Liu, H., & Xiang, Y. (2018) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.4998698 · Cited by 31
Analysis of passive flexion in propelling a plunging plate using a torsion spring model
Arora, N., Kang, C.-K., Shyy, W., & Gupta, A. K. (2018) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2018.736 · Cited by 32
Multifidelity kinematic parameter optimization of a flapping airfoil
Zheng, H., Xie, F., Ji, T., Zhu, Z., & Zheng, Y. (2020) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.101.013107 · Cited by 31
Lessons from natural flight for aviation: then, now and tomorrow
Harvey, C., de Croon, G., Taylor, G. K., & Bomphrey, R. J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.245409 · Cited by 35
The `upstream wake' of swimming and flying animals and its correlation with propulsive efficiency
Peng, J., & Dabiri, J. O. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.015883 · Cited by 31
Aerodynamics of a Flapping-Perturbed Revolving Wing
Wu, J., Chen, L., Zhou, C., Hsu, S.-J., & Cheng, B. (2018) · AIAA Journal · doi:10.2514/1.j056584 · Cited by 31
Aerodynamics of a Flapping and Pitching Wing Using Simulations and Experiments
Isaac, K. M., Rolwes, J., & Colozza, A. J. (2008) · AIAA Journal · doi:10.2514/1.32846 · Cited by 31
Force Measurements on a Flapping and Pitching Wing at Low Reynolds Numbers
Isaac, K. M., Colozza, A. J., & Rolwes, J. (2006) · AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit · doi:10.2514/6.2006-450 · Cited by 31
Experimental study of non-uniform bubble growth in deep fluidized beds
Zhang, C., Li, P., Lei, C., Qian, W., & Wei, F. (2017) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2017.10.006 · Cited by 31
Hydrodynamics of a swimming batoid fish at Reynolds numbers up to 148 000
Zhang, D., & Huang, W. (2023) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2023.325 · Cited by 30
Engineering perspective on bird flight: Scaling, geometry, kinematics and aerodynamics
Liu, T., Wang, S., Liu, H., & He, G. (2023) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100933 · Cited by 29
Qualitative skeletal correlates of wing shape in extant birds (Aves: Neoaves)
Hieronymus, T. L. (2015) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0303-7 · Cited by 30
Aerodynamic performance of a bio-inspired flapping wing with local sweep morphing
Wang, C., Liu, Y., Xu, D., & Wang, S. (2022) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0090718 · Cited by 29
Innovative Energy-Saving Propulsion System for Low-Speed Biomimetic Underwater Vehicles
Piskur, P., Szymak, P., Przybylski, M., Naus, K., Jaskólski, K., & Żokowski, M. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14248418 · Cited by 29
Energy harvesting performance of a tandem-hydrofoil based closely-interconnected tidal array
Wang, G., & Ng, B. F. (2023) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116796 · Cited by 29
Snapp: An Agile Robotic Fish With 3-D Maneuverability for Open Water Swim
Ng, T., Chen, N., & Zhang, F. (2023) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2023.3308015 · Cited by 29
Flight speeds of two seabirds: a test of Norberg's hypothesis
Elliott, K. H., & Gaston, A. J. (2005) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00462.x · Cited by 29
Animals prefer leg stiffness values that may reduce the energetic cost of locomotion
Shen, Z., & Seipel, J. E. (2014) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.09.008 · Cited by 29
Integrating Solar Cells Into Flapping Wing Air Vehicles for Enhanced Flight Endurance
Perez-Rosado, A., Bruck, H. A., & Gupta, S. K. (2015) · Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics · doi:10.1115/1.4032411 · Cited by 29
Flight and scaling of flyers in nature
Norberg, U. M. L. (2006) · WIT transactions on state-of-the-art in science and engineering · doi:10.2495/1-84564-001-2/2d · Cited by 32
SPEDDING, G. R., Hedenström, A., McArthur, J., & Rosén, M. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.007823 · Cited by 29
Flow interactions lead to self-organized flight formations disrupted by self-amplifying waves
Newbolt, J. W., Lewis, N., Bleu, M., Wu, J., Mavroyiakoumou, C., Ramananarivo, S., & Ristroph, L. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47525-9 · Cited by 28
Research Progress on Bio-inspired Flapping-Wing Rotor Micro Aerial Vehicle Development
Pan, Y., Guo, S., & Huang, X. (2024) · Journal of Bionic Engineering · doi:10.1007/s42235-024-00521-7 · Cited by 28
Design and Development of a Bio-Inspired Flapping Wing Type Micro Air Vehicle
Mishra, S., Tripathi, B., Garg, S., Kumar, A., & Kumar, P. (2015) · Procedia Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2015.06.001 · Cited by 28
Force measurements of flexible tandem wings in hovering and forward flights
Zheng, Y., Wu, Y., & Tang, H. (2015) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/10/1/016021 · Cited by 28
Computational study of a pitching bio-inspired corrugated airfoil
Flint, T., Jermy, M., New, T. H., & Ho, W. H. (2017) · International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2016.12.009 · Cited by 28
Michaud, M., Veron, G., Peigné, S., Blin, A., & Fabre, A. (2018) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/bly047 · Cited by 29
The interplay of kinematics and aerodynamics in multiple flight modes of a dragonfly
Noda, R., Liu, X., Hefler, C., Shyy, W., & Qiu, H. (2023) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2023.471 · Cited by 28
Evaluation of flapping wing propulsion based on a new experimentally validated aeroelastic model
Pourtakdoust, S. H., & ALIABADI, S. K. (2012) · Scientia Iranica · doi:10.1016/j.scient.2012.03.004 · Cited by 28
A fast Chebyshev method for simulating flexible-wing propulsion
Moore, N. J. (2017) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2017.05.052 · Cited by 28
Three-dimensional instabilities for the flow around a heaving foil
Sun, L., Deng, J., & Shao, X. (2018) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.97.013110 · Cited by 28
Naut Your Everyday Jellyfish Model: Exploring How Tentacles and Oral Arms Impact Locomotion
Miles, J. G., & Battista, N. (2019) · Fluids · doi:10.3390/fluids4030169 · Cited by 28
Experimental Study on Mean Thrust of Two Plunging Wings in Tandem
Gong, W. Q., Jia, B. B., & Xi, G. (2015) · AIAA Journal · doi:10.2514/1.j053452 · Cited by 28
Effect of caudal on hydrodynamic performance of flapping foil in fish-like swimming
Esfahani, J. A., Barati, E., & Karbasian, H. R. (2013) · Applied Ocean Research · doi:10.1016/j.apor.2013.04.001 · Cited by 27
A review of underwater bio-mimetic propulsion: cruise and fast-start
Chao, L.-M., Cao, Y., & Pan, G. (2017) · Fluid Dynamics Research · doi:10.1088/1873-7005/aa6a66 · Cited by 27
Flipper bone distribution reveals flexible trailing edge in underwater flying marine tetrapods
DeBlois, M. C., & Motani, R. (2019) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.20992 · Cited by 27
Metachronal Swimming of Mantis Shrimp: Kinematics and Interpleopod Vortex Interactions
Garayev, K., & Murphy, D. W. (2021) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icab052 · Cited by 27
Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Performance of Bionic Caudal Fin
Zhou, K., Liu, J., & Chen, W. (2016) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app6010015 · Cited by 27
A Study on Kinematic Pattern of Fish Undulatory Locomotion Using a Robot Fish
Zhong, Y., Song, J., Yu, H., & Du, R. (2018) · Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics · doi:10.1115/1.4040434 · Cited by 27
Vortex-Sheet Representation of Leading-Edge Vortex Shedding from Finite Wings
Hirato, Y., Shen, M., Gopalarathnam, A., & Edwards, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Aircraft · doi:10.2514/1.c035124 · Cited by 27
Parameter dependence of vortex interactions on a two-dimensional plunging plate
Panah, A. E., & Buchholz, J. (2014) · Experiments in Fluids · doi:10.1007/s00348-014-1687-7 · Cited by 26
Tight coordination of aerial flight maneuvers and sonar call production in insectivorous bats
Falk, B., Kasnadi, J., & Moss, C. F. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.122283 · Cited by 26
Dabiri, J. O., Colin, S. P., Gemmell, B. J., Lucas, K. N., Leftwich, M. C., & Costello, J. H. (2020) · Fluids · doi:10.3390/fluids5030106 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, G. K., Nudds, R. L., & Thomas, A. L. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Graham K.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 425
- Issue
- 6959
- Pages
- 707-711
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2003172346
- Cited by
- 994
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 40.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid dynamics and aerodynamics studies
- Keywords
- Strouhal number, propulsive efficiency, vortex shedding, birds, bats, insects, flying animals, dynamic similarity, natural selection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Birds, Chiroptera, Flight, Animal, Insecta, Models, Biological, Monte Carlo Method, Swimming, Wings, Animal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
