The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Observation of the spin Seebeck effect
Abstract
The generation of electric voltage by placing a conductor in a temperature gradient is called the Seebeck effect. Its efficiency is represented by the Seebeck coefficient, S, which is defined as the ratio of the generated electric voltage to the temperature difference, and is determined by the scattering rate and the density of the conduction electrons. The effect can be exploited, for example, in thermal electric-power generators and for temperature sensing, by connecting two conductors with different Seebeck coefficients, a device called a thermocouple. Here we report the observation of the thermal generation of driving power, or voltage, for electron spin: the spin Seebeck effect. Using a recently developed spin-detection technique that involves the spin Hall effect, we measure the spin voltage generated from a temperature gradient in a metallic magnet. This thermally induced spin voltage persists even at distances far from the sample ends, and spins can be extracted from every position on the magnet simply by attaching a metal. The spin Seebeck effect observed here is directly applicable to the production of spin-voltage generators, which are crucial for driving spintronic devices. The spin Seebeck effect allows us to pass a pure spin current, a flow of electron spins without electric currents, over a long distance. These innovative capabilities will invigorate spintronics research.
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“the thermal gradient from the laser-induced heating of the FM film can lead to different charge flow for the majority and minority carriers due to their different Seebeck coefficients and a net spin current123, , which drives the transport of spin polarization into the NM film.”
From Ultrafast terahertz emission from emerging symmetry-broken materials (2023) · cites this paper as [123]
Citations
Cites
Spintronics: A Spin-Based Electronics Vision for the Future
Wolf, S. A., Awschalom, D. D., Buhrman, R. A., Daughton, J. M., von Molnár, S., Roukes, M. L., Chtchelkanova, A., & Treger, D. M. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1065389 · Cited by 11,464
Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications
Žutić, I., Fabian, J., & Sarma, S. D. (2004) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.76.323 · Cited by 11,370
Hirsch, J. E. (1999) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.83.1834 · Cited by 3,163
Observation of the Spin Hall Effect in Semiconductors
Kato, Y. K., Myers, R. C., Gossard, A. C., & Awschalom, D. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105514 · Cited by 2,656
The emergence of spin electronics in data storage
Chappert, C., FERT, A., & Dau, F. N. V. (2007) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2024 · Cited by 2,563
Universal Intrinsic Spin Hall Effect
Sinova, J., Culcer, D., Niu, Q., Sinitsyn, N. A., Jungwirth, T., & MacDonald, A. H. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.92.126603 · Cited by 2,180
Conversion of spin current into charge current at room temperature: Inverse spin-Hall effect
Saitoh, E., Ueda, M., Miyajima, H., & Tatara, G. (2006) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2199473 · Cited by 2,157
Self-citationDissipationless Quantum Spin Current at Room Temperature
Murakami, S., Nagaosa, N., & Zhang, S. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1087128 · Cited by 1,952
Conductance and exchange coupling of two ferromagnets separated by a tunneling barrier
Slonczewski, J. C. (1989) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.39.6995 · Cited by 1,789
Theory of the perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers
Valet, T., & FERT, A. (1993) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.48.7099 · Cited by 1,733
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Ashcroft, N. W. & Mermin, N. D. Solid State Physics 253–258 (Saunders College, 1976)
- Callen, H. B. Thermodynamics Ch. 17 (Wiley, 1960)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sinova, J., Valenzuela, S. O., Wunderlich, J., Back, C. H., & Jungwirth, T. (2015) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.87.1213 · Cited by 3,200
Review on spintronics: Principles and device applications
Hirohata, A., Yamada, K., Nakatani, Y., Prejbeanu, L., Diény, B., Pirro, P., & Hillebrands, B. (2020) · Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166711 · Cited by 1,558
Uchida, K., Xiao, J., Adachi, H., Ohe, J.-I., Takahashi, S., Ieda, J., Ōta, T., Kajiwara, Y., Umezawa, H., Kawai, H., et al. (2010) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2856 · Cited by 1,255
Self-citationHoffmann, A. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/tmag.2013.2262947 · Cited by 1,100
Interface-induced phenomena in magnetism
Hellman, F., Hoffmann, A., Tserkovnyak, Y., Beach, G. S. D., Fullerton, E. E., Leighton, C., MacDonald, A. H., Ralph, D. C., Arena, D. A., Dürr, H. A., et al. (2017) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.89.025006 · Cited by 939
Metadata
- Authors
- Uchida, K., Takahashi, S., Harii, K., Ieda, J., Koshibae, W., Ando, K., Maekawa, S., & Saitoh, E.
- Affiliations
- Keio University (JP)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- RIKEN (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Saitoh, E.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 455
- Issue
- 7214
- Pages
- 778-781
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1969565830
- Cited by
- 2,243
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 160 · 2018: 173 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 154 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 27.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Magnetic properties of thin films
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Quantum and electron transport phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
- Keywords
- spin Seebeck effect, thermoelectric effect, spin Hall effect, spin voltage, pure spin current, spintronic devices, temperature gradient, spin detection
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