The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The formation of the first stars and galaxies
Open accessAbstract
Observations made using large ground-based and space-borne telescopes have probed cosmic history from the present day to a time when the Universe was less than one-tenth of its present age. Earlier still lies the remaining frontier, where the first stars, galaxies and massive black holes formed. They fundamentally transformed the early Universe by endowing it with the first sources of light and chemical elements beyond the primordial hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang. The interplay of theory and upcoming observations promises to answer the key open questions in this emerging field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Discovery and Analysis of Very Metal-Poor Stars in the Galaxy
Beers, T. C., & Christlieb, N. (2005) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.134057 · Cited by 1,223
Cited by
Shang, C., Bryan, G. L., & Haiman, Z. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15960.x · Cited by 300
Clark, P. C., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., & Bromm, V. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/727/2/110 · Cited by 293
Self-citationTHE GALAXY UV LUMINOSITY FUNCTION BEFORE THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION
Mason, C. A., Trenti, M., & Treu, T. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/813/1/21 · Cited by 278
Metal-Poor Stars and the Chemical Enrichment of the Universe
Frebel, A., & Norris, J. E. (2013) · Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5612-0_3 · Cited by 72
Metadata
- Authors
- Bromm, V., Yoshida, N., Hernquist, L., & McKee, C. F.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 459
- Issue
- 7243
- Pages
- 49-54
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2034616099
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 20.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The formation of the first stars and galaxies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nature07990
- The paper
- Bromm, V., Yoshida, N., Hernquist, L., & McKee, C. F. (2009). The formation of the first stars and galaxies. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07990
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.