The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reconstructing Indian population history
Open accessAbstract
India has been underrepresented in genome-wide surveys of human variation. We analyse 25 diverse groups in India to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the 'Ancestral North Indians' (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans, whereas the other, the 'Ancestral South Indians' (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other. By introducing methods that can estimate ancestry without accurate ancestral populations, we show that ANI ancestry ranges from 39-71% in most Indian groups, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers. Groups with only ASI ancestry may no longer exist in mainland India. However, the indigenous Andaman Islanders are unique in being ASI-related groups without ANI ancestry. Allele frequency differences between groups in India are larger than in Europe, reflecting strong founder effects whose signatures have been maintained for thousands of years owing to endogamy. We therefore predict that there will be an excess of recessive diseases in India, which should be possible to screen and map genetically.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Standard errors for all allele frequency based statistics were computed using the block-bootstrap using 100 replicates and a block size of 1000 markers86.”
From Paths and timings of the peopling of Polynesia inferred from genomic networks (2021) · cites this paper as [86]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial, as the Mala, a south Indian population with minimal ANI along the ‘Indian Cline’ of such ancestry34,35 is inferred to have ~18% steppe-related ancestry, while the Kalash of Pakistan are inferred to have ~50%, similar to present-day northern Europeans7.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This contrasts with methods based on f-statistics [217][218][219] , which leverage covariation of allele frequencies between populations, and can retrieve unbiased admixture proportions.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [218]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Evidence is mounting that darkly pigmented skin, or the potential for facultative development of dark pigmentation through tanning, evolved secondarily under positive selection in populations moving from low-to high-UVR environments.”
From Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation (2010) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“We show that it is impossible to model the ANI as being derived from any single ancient population in our dataset.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Inference of Population Structure Using Multilocus Genotype Data
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M., & Donnelly, P. (2000) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/155.2.945 · Cited by 33,871
Falush, D., Stephens, M., & Pritchard, J. K. (2003) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/164.4.1567 · Cited by 8,006
Population Structure and Eigenanalysis
Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190 · Cited by 5,280
Self-citationA second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
The International HapMap Consortium (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06258 · Cited by 4,438
The Jackknife and the Bootstrap for General Stationary Observations
Künsch, H. R. (1989) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176347265 · Cited by 2,454
Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures
Winther, R. G. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316276259.010 · Cited by 2,258
Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation
Li, J. Z., Absher, D. M., Tang, H., Southwick, A. M., Casto, A. M., Ramachandran, S., Cann, H. M., Barsh, G. S., Feldman, M. W., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153717 · Cited by 1,915
Genes mirror geography within Europe
Novembre, J., Johnson, T., Bryc, K., Kutalik, Z., Boyko, A. R., Auton, A., Indap, A., King, K. S., Bergmann, S., Nelson, M. R., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07331 · Cited by 1,479
Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India
Pye, L. W., & Dirks, N. B. (2002) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20033218 · Cited by 1,378
Traces of Human Migrations in Helicobacter pylori Populations
Falush, D., Wirth, T., Linz, B., Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M., Kidd, M. S., Blaser, M. J., Graham, D. Y., Vacher, S., Perez-Perez, G. I., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1080857 · Cited by 1,019
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bhasin, M. K. & Walter, H. Genetics of Castes and Tribes of India (Kamla-Raj Enterprises, 2001)
- Singh, K. S. People of India, National Series, Volume III, Scheduled Tribes (Oxford Univ. Press, 1994)
- Singh, K. S. People of India, National Series, Volume III, Scheduled Castes (Oxford Univ. Press, 1993)
- Thorburn, D. On the asymptotic normality of the jackknife. Scand. J. Stat. 4, 113–118 (1977)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,001 of 1,001
Bono, J. M., Pigage, H. K., Wettstein, P. J., Prosser, S., & Pigage, J. C. (2018) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1248-4 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Reich, D., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Singh, L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Reich, David
- Singh, Lalji
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 461
- Issue
- 7263
- Pages
- 489-494
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2842210
- OpenAlex
- W2119228812
- Cited by
- 1,674
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 42.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UK-India Education and Research Initiative
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
- National Institutes of Health
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG006399, U01HG004168, HG004168)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Keywords
- population structure, ancestry estimation, endogamy, founder effect, allele frequency differences, genetic admixture
- MeSH terms
- Asia, DNA, Mitochondrial, Ethnicity, Europe, Female, Gene Frequency, Genes, Recessive, Genetics, Medical, Genetics, Population, Genotype, Geography, Humans, India, Language, Male, Middle East, Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Linkage Disequilibrium, Genome, Human, Founder Effect, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genomics, Principal Component Analysis, Chromosomes, Human, Y, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
