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The oxidation state of Hadean magmas and implications for early Earth’s atmosphere

Trail, Dustin, Watson, E. Bruce, Tailby, Nicholas D.·2011·Nature

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Abstract

Magmatic outgassing of volatiles from Earth's interior probably played a critical part in determining the composition of the earliest atmosphere, more than 4,000 million years (Myr) ago. Given an elemental inventory of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, the identity of molecular species in gaseous volcanic emanations depends critically on the pressure (fugacity) of oxygen. Reduced melts having oxygen fugacities close to that defined by the iron-wüstite buffer would yield volatile species such as CH(4), H(2), H(2)S, NH(3) and CO, whereas melts close to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer would be similar to present-day conditions and would be dominated by H(2)O, CO(2), SO(2) and N(2) (refs 1-4). Direct constraints on the oxidation state of terrestrial magmas before 3,850 Myr before present (that is, the Hadean eon) are tenuous because the rock record is sparse or absent. Samples from this earliest period of Earth's history are limited to igneous detrital zircons that pre-date the known rock record, with ages approaching ∼4,400 Myr (refs 5-8). Here we report a redox-sensitive calibration to determine the oxidation state of Hadean magmatic melts that is based on the incorporation of cerium into zircon crystals. We find that the melts have average oxygen fugacities that are consistent with an oxidation state defined by the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer, similar to present-day conditions. Moreover, selected Hadean zircons (having chemical characteristics consistent with crystallization specifically from mantle-derived melts) suggest oxygen fugacities similar to those of Archaean and present-day mantle-derived lavas as early as ∼4,350 Myr before present. These results suggest that outgassing of Earth's interior later than ∼200 Myr into the history of Solar System formation would not have resulted in a reducing atmosphere.

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Authors: Trail, D., Watson, E. B., & Tailby, N. D.
Affiliations: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Trail, Dustin
ORCID: Trail, Dustin
Watson, E. Bruce
Tailby, Nicholas D.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-11-30
Volume: 480
Issue: 7375
Pages: 79-82
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature10655
OpenAlex: W2031928338
Cited by: 613
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 19.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: NASA Astrobiology Institute
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Keywords: oxidation state, early Earth atmosphere, oxygen fugacity, zircon, cerium incorporation, iron-wüstite buffer, volatile outgassing, detrital zircon, mantle oxidation state
MeSH terms: Atmosphere, Oxidation-Reduction, Earth, Planet, Volcanic Eruptions

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The oxidation state of Hadean magmas and implications for early Earth’s atmosphere

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