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Widespread mixing and burial of Earth’s Hadean crust by asteroid impacts

Marchi, S., Bottke, W. F., Elkins-Tanton, L. T., Bierhaus, M., Wuennemann, K., Morbidelli, A., Kring, D. A.·2014·Nature

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Abstract

The history of the Hadean Earth (∼4.0-4.5 billion years ago) is poorly understood because few known rocks are older than ∼3.8 billion years old. The main constraints from this era come from ancient submillimetre zircon grains. Some of these zircons date back to ∼4.4 billion years ago when the Moon, and presumably the Earth, was being pummelled by an enormous flux of extraterrestrial bodies. The magnitude and exact timing of these early terrestrial impacts, and their effects on crustal growth and evolution, are unknown. Here we provide a new bombardment model of the Hadean Earth that has been calibrated using existing lunar and terrestrial data. We find that the surface of the Hadean Earth was widely reprocessed by impacts through mixing and burial by impact-generated melt. This model may explain the age distribution of Hadean zircons and the absence of early terrestrial rocks. Existing oceans would have repeatedly boiled away into steam atmospheres as a result of large collisions as late as about 4 billion years ago.

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Authors: Marchi, S., Bottke, W. F., Elkins-Tanton, L. T., Bierhaus, M., Wuennemann, K., Morbidelli, A., & Kring, D. A.
Affiliations: Southwest Research Institute (US)
Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
Museum für Naturkunde (DE)
Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur (FR)
Universities Space Research Association (US)
Corresponding author: Marchi, S.
ORCID: Marchi, S.
Bottke, W. F.
Elkins-Tanton, L. T.
Morbidelli, A.
Kring, D. A.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-07
Volume: 511
Issue: 7511
Pages: 578-582
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature13539
OpenAlex: W1984569582
Cited by: 277
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 13.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
Keywords: Hadean Earth, asteroid impact, impact mixing, impact melt, lunar impact history, crustal growth, terrestrial impact craters
MeSH terms: Computer Simulation, Hot Temperature, Models, Theoretical, Earth, Planet, Minor Planets, History, Ancient

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Widespread mixing and burial of Earth’s Hadean crust by asteroid impacts

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