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Optical separation of mechanical strain from charge doping in graphene
Open accessAbstract
Because of its superior stretchability, graphene exhibits rich structural deformation behaviours and its strain engineering has proven useful in modifying its electronic and magnetic properties. Despite the strain-sensitivity of the Raman G and 2D modes, the optical characterization of the native strain in graphene on silica substrates has been hampered by excess charges interfering with both modes. Here we show that the effects of strain and charges can be optically separated from each other by correlation analysis of the two modes, enabling simple quantification of both. Graphene with in-plane strain randomly occurring between −0.2% and 0.4% undergoes modest compression (−0.3%) and significant hole doping on thermal treatments. This study suggests that substrate-mediated mechanical strain is a ubiquitous phenomenon in two-dimensional materials. The proposed analysis will be of great use in characterizing graphene-based materials and devices. The spectral position of Raman peaks is a useful diagnostic for determining the degree of strain and excess electronic charges present in graphene. This study demonstrates that these two contributions can be separated from each other and therefore be obtained at the same time.
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Cites
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V., Grigorieva, I. V., & Firsov, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102896 · Cited by 66,834
The electronic properties of graphene
Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S., & Geim, A. K. (2009) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.81.109 · Cited by 24,803
Energy gaps and a zero-field quantum Hall effect in graphene by strain engineering
Guinea, F., Katsnelson, M. I., & Geim, A. K. (2010) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys1420 · Cited by 1,913
Ultrastrong adhesion of graphene membranes
Koenig, S. P., Boddeti, N. G., Dunn, M. L., & Bunch, J. S. (2011) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.123 · Cited by 1,107
Cited by
Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials and its applications in related devices
Wu, J.-B., Lin, M.-L., Cong, X., Liu, H.-N., & Tan, P.-H. (2018) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c6cs00915h · Cited by 2,092
Raman spectroscopy of carbon materials and their composites: Graphene, nanotubes and fibres
Li, Z., Deng, L., Kinloch, I. A., & Young, R. J. (2023) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101089 · Cited by 1,117
Ultrahigh-mobility graphene devices from chemical vapor deposition on reusable copper
Banszerus, L., Schmitz, M., Engels, S., Dauber, J., Oellers, M., Haupt, F., Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T., Beschoten, B., & Stampfer, C. (2015) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500222 · Cited by 830
Single-crystal, large-area, fold-free monolayer graphene
Wang, M., Huang, M., Luo, D., Li, Y., Choe, M., Seong, W. K., Kim, M., Jin, S., Wang, M., Chatterjee, S., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03753-3 · Cited by 401
Ballistic Transport Exceeding 28 μm in CVD Grown Graphene
Banszerus, L., Schmitz, M., Engels, S., Goldsche, M., Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T., Beschoten, B., & Stampfer, C. (2016) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04840 · Cited by 320
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, J. E., Ahn, G., Shim, J., Lee, Y. S., & Ryu, S.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2012-08-28
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1024-1024
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1971868693
- Cited by
- 1,099
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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