The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Earth's air pressure 2.7 billion years ago constrained to less than half of modern levels
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In the citing paper
“The grey lines indicate the total pressure at 2.7 Ga of 0 . 23 ± 0 . 32 bar as inferred from gas bubbles in basaltic lava flows by Som et al. (2016).”
From The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere (2021) · cites this paper as Som et al. (2016)
In the citing paper
“The cold trap, however, might not have existed continuously during the Archean eon due to fluctuations to very low total atmospheric surface pressures (Som et al. 2016; Lammer et al. 2018; St¨ ueken et al. 2020.”
From The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere (2021) · cites this paper as Som et al. 2016
In the citing paper
“Third, vesicle volumes in 2.7-Ga-old basaltic lava flows erupted at sea level imply a 0.23 ± 0.23–bar [2σ] paleopressure (56).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“Marine phyllosilicates at 3.8 Ga ago are ammonium enriched (146, 147), which probably came from porewater ammonium (NH4+) derived from degraded organics (Table 1) (148, 149), and these data have been used to argue that Archean N2 was sequestered into solid phases after an early advent of biological nitrogen fixation (56, 150).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“N 2 likely has been outgassed and built up during the Archean eon (Mikhail and Sverjensky 2014; Som et al. 2016; Lammer et al. 2018; Lammer et al. 2019; St¨ ueken et al. 2020; Sproß et al. 2021), and became the main atmospheric species besides CO 2 .”
From The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere (2021) · cites this paper as Som et al. 2016
Citations
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“Since Earth’s surface pressure is relatively unconstrained during the Hadean and Archean (Kavanagh & Goldblatt 2015; Som et al. 2016), these results may have implications for the early evolution of Earth’s climate and atmospheric chemistry; we will return to this topic in section 5.”
BackgroundSokol, A. G., Kupriyanov, I. N., Kotsuba, D. A., Korsakov, A. V., Sokol, E. V., & Kruk, A. N. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.06.026 · Cited by 9
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“Studies of vesicle size on Earth have shown that small changes in pressure due to elevation of lava emplacement can have an effect on vesicle size (Sahagian & Maus, 1994; Sahagian & Proussevitch, 2007), and the difference in vesicle size between the top and bottom of lava flows has been used to calculate lower atmosph…”
BackgroundPrecambrian aeolian systems: A unique record?
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The Inner Solar System’s Habitability Through Time
C, A. D. D. G. (2005) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816540068-ch016 · Cited by 8
The Origin of Earth's Mantle Nitrogen: Primordial or Early Biogeochemical Cycling?
Kurokawa, H., Laneuville, M., Li, Y., Zhang, N., Fujii, Y., Sakuraba, H., Houser, C., & Cleaves, H. J. (2022) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2021gc010295 · Cited by 9
Nitrogen partitioning between silicate phases and aqueous fluid depends on concentration
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Evolution of Earth's oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon polar outflow in the Archean eon
Grasser, N., Kislyakova, K. G., Scherf, M., Lammer, H., & Looveren, G. V. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118442 · Cited by 9
Earth: Atmospheric Evolution of a Habitable Planet
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Papineau, D. (2024) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min14020203 · Cited by 7
“For instance, the possibility of carboxylic acid oxidation by Fe-compounds could explain the highly similar botryoidal patterns in amygdules from Archean Beasley River Basalt [46].”
BackgroundPark, J. G., & Schaller, M. F. (2024) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.003 · Cited by 7
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Eta-Earth Revisited I: A Formula for Estimating the Maximum Number of Earth-Like Habitats
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Chen, C., Smallwood, J. L., Martin, R. G., & Livio, M. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf96a · Cited by 6
“However, there are some contradictory results that the partial pressure of the nitrogen in Archaean atmosphere is similar or less than the present atmosphere’s based on different analyses of Archean samples (Avice et al. 2018; Som et al. 2016).”
ResultGeoscience for Understanding Habitability in the Solar System and Beyond
Dehant, V., Debaille, V., Dobos, V., Gaillard, F., & Gillmann, C. (2019) · Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) · Cited by 7
Venus as an Analog for Hot Earths
Arney, G. (2005) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816540068-ch014 · Cited by 12
“There is evidence that the pressure of Earth’s atmosphere may have been as low as 0.23 +/- 0.23 bar at 2.7 billion years ago (Som et al 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialExo-Geoscience Perspectives Beyond Habitability
Spohn, T., Roberge, A., Way, M. J., Duarte, J. C., Miozzi, F., Baumeister, P., Byrne, P. K., & Lineweaver, C. H. (2026) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-026-01265-y · Cited by 6
“The fossil raindrop data in combination with later work (Som et al. 2016) utilizing the size of Archean lava vesicles gave a value of 0.23 ± 0.23 bar (2 σ ) with an upper limit of ∼ 0.5 bar atmospheric pressure.”
InfluentialSun, W., & Shahrajabian, M. H. (2024) · Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca · doi:10.15835/nbha52113157 · Cited by 6
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Late Delivery of Nitrogen to the Earth
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“This is consistent with the recent data suggesting that the atmosphere of the early Earth 2.7 Gyr ago was at least 0.5 bars (Som et al. 2016).”
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Modern analogs for ammonia flux from terrestrial hydrothermal features to the Archean atmosphere
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The Astrobiology of the AnthropocenePreprint
Haqq-Misra, J. D., Som, S. M., Mullan, B., Loureiro, R. R., Schwieterman, E. W., Seyler, L., Mogosanu, H., Frank, A., Wolf, E. T., Forgan, D. H., et al. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1801.00052 · Cited by 3
“ost 4 billion years while going through a wide range of immense environmental and atmospheric changes. Methods for inferring properties such as the air density 2 (e.g., Kavanagh & Goldblatt 2015; Som et al. 2016), temperature (e.g. Valley et al. 2002), and redox state (e.g. Catling & Claire 2005) of Earth’s at…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe plausibility of origins scenarios requiring two impactors
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“The assumed impactor properties are listed in Table 2. in quartz, and the size of fossilised raindrops [119, 120] supporting a ≲ 1 bar surface pressure.”
Yang, J. L. (2021) · Advances in Astronomy · doi:10.1155/2021/5579060 · Cited by 2
“Besides, some new studies of frontier disciplines [5, 6] have shown that 1 billion years ago, the brightness of the sun was less than half of what it is today, the Earth is an ice ball, and the mountain is not as high as it is today, and 2.”
BackgroundAtmospheric Pressure and Snowball Earth Deglaciation
Edkins, N. J., & Davies, R. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2021jd035423 · Cited by 2
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Nie, J., Xia, Y., Hu, S., Yuan, W., Yang, J., & Ma, D. (2019) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl081867 · Cited by 2
“For example, the atmospheric surface pressure of Earth may have been only about 0.5 bar during the Archaean Eon (Marty et al., 2014; Som et al., 2016), while it could have reached 1.2 bar during the Phanerozoic Eon (Poulsen et al., 2015).”
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Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere
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Paquis, P., Pardo-Esté, C., Tapia, J. S., Florez, J. Z., Pérez, V., Molina, V., Cornejo, M., Pérez, P. A., Harrod, C., Jeffrey, W. H., et al. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02817-w · Cited by 1
“6 atm 9 , this pressure is roughly half the present-day sea-level value and close to Archaean estimates of 0.4 to 0.5 atm 3 .”
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“Fossilized raindrop imprints indicate that the air pressure during the Archean Eon was no higher than today and possibly as low as 0.26 bar ( e.g., S. M. Som et al. 2012, 2016 ) , reflecting the impacts of these extreme space weather conditions on the evolution of the early Earth’s atmosphere.”
InfluentialCarbon Cycle Imbalances on Arid Terrestrial Planets with Implications for Venus
White, H., & Krissansen‐Totton, J. (2026) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ae4faa · Cited by 1
“Som et al. 2016 ) , would allow for higher rates of atmospheric escape, accelerating the loss of surface water.”
Su, G., Avice, G., Vayrac, F., & Mélis, R. (2026) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2026.120135 · Cited by 1
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Huang, W., Yang, Y. M., Gui, W., Liu, J., Lv, Y., Wang, Z., & Xia, Q. (2023) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2023.106997 · Cited by 1
Precambrian evolution of the nitrogen cycle
Johnson, B., & Stüeken, E. E. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00026-7 · Cited by 2
Evolution of the Archean atmosphere
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Linsky, J. L. (2019) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11452-7_11
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Goosmann, E. A., Buick, R., Catling, D. C., Luskin, C. R., & Nhleko, N. (2020) · South African Journal of Geology · doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0005 · Cited by 1
“Though this study did not yield meaningful paleopressure estimates, we combine our experiences with the results from Som et al. (2016), in addition to the original work by Sahagian, to formulate guidelines for future attempts.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMarty, B. M. (2020) · Geochemical Perspectives
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Self-citationEnergetic processes driving potential peptide protometabolisms at the origin of living systems
Ajram, G. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d95ee480z7b27z430fz8d7dzd9cfb7c120ff
Revisiting the Greenhouse Effect of Nongreenhouse Gases in the Atmospheres of Earth-like Planets
Taki, T., Kurokawa, H., Fujii, Y., & Aoki, K. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae6b8b
“While a low p N 2 , the partial pressure of N 2 , suggested later from geological and geochemical record (Som et al. 2012, 2016; Marty et al. 2013) may not support its role to solve the faint young sun paradox in the Archean (see also Kavanagh & Goldblatt 2015, for the case against the constraint…”
Comparing Monte Carlo Models of Impact Alteration of Planetary Atmospheres
Huffman, M. R., Brain, D. A., Singer, K. N., Johnston, J. C., & Caldwell, C. A. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2025je009581
“We chose 0.25 bar as it is similar to the paleopressure on Earth determined by Som et al. (2016) 2.7 billion years ago by examining vesicle sizes in basaltic lava flows.”
InfluentialWhat the Solar System Can Teach Us About Rocky Exoplanets
Byrne, P. K., Guimond, C. M., Cawood, P. A., Way, M. J., Breuer, D., Spohn, T., Duarte, J. C., Lourenço, D. L., Miozzi, F., Arnould, M., et al. (2026) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-026-01325-3
“Later, Som et al. (2016) analysed gas bubbles in 2.7 Gyr-old basaltic lava flows and found a surface pressure of 0 .”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Som, S. M., Buick, R., Hagadorn, J. W., Blake, T. S., Perreault, J. M., Harnmeijer, J. P., & Catling, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Denver Museum of Nature and Science (US)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Som, Sanjoy M.
- Venue
- Nature Geoscience
- Published
- 2016-05-09
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 448-451
- ISSN
- 1752-0894 (ISSN-L)
- 1752-0908
- OpenAlex
- W2346163810
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 19.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Geoscience (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Washington State University
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- atmospheric pressure, faint young Sun paradox, Pilbara Craton, greenhouse gases, methane, pressure broadening, fluid inclusions, atmospheric pressure fluctuations
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