The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 4 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal
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TL;DR
The paper reports an optical method to read out Weyl fermion chirality in TaAs by measuring the circular photogalvanic current generated by mid-infrared light. The measured current direction implies that the W1 Weyl node has positive chirality, matching first-principles predictions.
Key findings
- In TaAs at 10 K, circularly polarized 10.6 µm light (about 120 meV) produced a photocurrent along the b axis for right-circular polarization propagating along a, while no current was observed along c; the polarization-dependent component appeared as a sharp Fourier peak at 1/π and was separated from a polarization-independent photothermal background.
- The photocurrent reversed sign when the sample was rotated by 180° around a or b, but not around c, consistent with the symmetry constraints of the second-order photocurrent tensor.
- Quantum oscillation measurements placed the chemical potential 17.8 meV above W1 and 4.8 meV above W2; because the Pauli blockade is negligible for W2, the signal was attributed to W1. Comparing the theoretical relation \(J_{\text{THY}} = \chi_{W1} k_{\text{light}} \times \hat{c}\) with the measured relation \(J_{\text{EXP}} = k_{\text{light}} \times \hat{c}\) gives \(\chi_{W1} = +1\), in agreement with first-principles calculations.
- TaAs has 24 Weyl nodes, of which 8 are W1 and 16 are W2; the Weyl cone tilt is significant, with \(|v_+/v_-| \ge 2\).
Methods
- A mid-infrared scanning photocurrent microscope used a CO₂ laser at \(\lambda = 10.6\) µm (about 120 meV), roughly 10 mW power, and a focused spot of about 50 µm diameter; polarization was controlled with a polarizer and rotatable quarter-wave plate.
- TaAs single crystals were grown by chemical vapor transport, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to define the +c direction. Measurements were performed at 10 K.
- Analysis combined Fourier filtering of the polarization-angle dependence, symmetry analysis of the second-order photocurrent tensor \(\eta_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\), quantum oscillation measurements of the chemical potential, and first-principles calculations using the OPENMX code with a \(k \cdot p\) photocurrent calculation.
Limitations
- The paper states that all as-grown TaAs samples available were electron-doped, so the hole-doped regime where W2 contributions may dominate remains untested; it also proposes future photon-energy dependence studies, especially in the terahertz range, and pump-probe measurements of relaxation time.
- The text makes evident that the experiment probes only the W1 chirality because the W2 contribution is negligibly small at the measured chemical potential, and that the absolute current direction depends on the microscopic mechanism even though symmetry fixes the cancellation and sign-reversal patterns.
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Claims the paper makes
4 of 4 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Assuming RCP light propagating along +â, this theory predicts a photocurrent ( ĴTHY ) along b given by (Supplementary Information III. 4 and Supplementary Information IV.3) ĴTHY = χ W1 klight × ĉ (3)”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [20] Chan, C.-K., Lindner, N. H., Refael, G. & Lee, P. A. Photocurrents in Weyl semimetals. Phys. Rev. B 95, 041104 (2017). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Symmetry consideration section states that, in the isotropic limit, the photocurrent and the light’s Poynting vector share the same direction. That is contrary to the claimed cross-product direction, which is perpendicular to the light’s propagation; the paper does discuss circular-polarization-induced, chirality-dependent current, but does not give the attributed directional rule. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Disputed
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This spatial dependence shows that the polarization-independent component arises from the photothermal effect 39,40,44 .”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [39] McIver, J. W. et al. Control over topological insulator photocurrents with light polarization. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 96–100 (2012). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper identifies D as the polarization-independent photocurrent (p. 3), but treats laser-heating-induced thermoelectric current as a separate background to be isolated from the photocurrent (p. 3). It instead describes D as likely bulk in origin (p. 5) and suggests photon drag as its possible mechanism (pp. 6–7), not a photothermal effect. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [40] Yuan, H. et al. Generation and electric control of spin-valleycoupled circular photogalvanic current in WSe2 . Nat. Nanotech. 9, 851–857 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The optical-setup section (p. 24) identifies a polarization-independent photocurrent component, A. The main text (p. 3) describes a background current caused by laser-heating gradients, but does not identify that background as component A or establish that the entire polarization-independent component arises from the photothermal effect. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [44] Gabor, N. M. et al. Hot carrier assisted intrinsic photoresponse in graphene. Science 334, 648–652 (2011). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage labeled Abstract (p. 4) links the spatial photocurrent profile to hot carriers, and the passage on p. 6 attributes the photoresponse at a graphene p-n junction to a photothermoelectric effect. Our copy does not address polarization dependence or identify a polarization-independent component of the photocurrent. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Disputed
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The whole data curve fits nicely to a cosine function.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sharp contrast, we see no observable current along the ĉ direction (the black data points in Fig. 2d).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“For RCP light along â (Fig. 2), we observe zero current along ĉ.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we directly detect the chirality of the Weyl fermions by measuring the photocurrent in response to circularly polarized mid-infrared light.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“In this paper, we detect the chirality of the WFs in the WSM TaAs by measuring its mid-infrared photocurrent response.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, we found that the photothermal effect and the CPGE have opposite temperature trends.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that the chirality of the W 1 WF determined by the photocurrent agrees with that predicted by first principles (Fig. 1j).”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > ĴEXP = klight × ĉ
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since our CPGE shows a linear dependence on the laser power (Supplementary Fig. 4c).”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By comparing equation (3) with equation (4), we determine χ W1 = +1.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > ĴEXP = klight × ĉ
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting photocurrent is determined by both the chirality of Weyl fermions and that of the photons.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our quantum oscillation measurements (Supplementary Information III.2) confirmed this case (µ is 17.8 meV above W 1 and 4.8 meV above W 2 ).”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For a given polarization, the direction of the photocurrent reverses if one rotates the sample by 180 • around â or b (Fig. 3b,c), while it remains the same upon a rotation around ĉ (Fig. 3d).”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This peak disappears at the z values outside the sample, confirming that the observed current is the sample's intrinsic property.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observe that the current reaches maximum value for RCP light, minimum for LCP light, and zero for linearly polarized light.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For RCP along â, Jb = -0.10932and Jc = 0.For RCP along ĉ, Ja = 0 and Jb = 0.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Additional information
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas the cancellation and sign reversal are dictated solely by symmetry, the absolute direction of the current-that is, the sign of η bbc and η bcb -depends on the microscopic mechanism.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the Pauli blockade vanishes for chemical potential at the Weyl node, the photocurrent contribution from W 2 WFs is negligibly small.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Supplementary Information IV.2, we show that both observations can be explained by symmetry analysis of the tensor η αβγ , which further confirms the intrinsic nature of the observed CPGE.”
§ Direct optical detection of Weyl fermion chirality in a topological semimetal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Figure 2g cites a scan with no polarization variation
MinorThe caption says Figure 2g is a Fourier transform of Figure 2e over polarization angle, but Figure 2e was measured at fixed RCP polarization. The described polarization-angle scan is Figure 2f.
“g, Fourier transform of e from polarization angle (θ ) space to frequency (f) space.”
“e, Colour map showing the photocurrent measured along b with a fixed polarization (RCP) while the laser spot is varied in (b, c) space.”
Citations
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“More broadly, the two chiralities, analogous to the two valleys in 2D materials [27, 28], lead to a new degree of freedom in a 3D crystal with potential novel pathways to store and carry information.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ma, Q., Xu, S.-Y., Chan, C.-K., Zhang, C.-L., Chang, G., Lin, Y., Xie, W., Palacios, T., Lin, H., Jia, S., Lee, P. A., Jarillo-Herrero, P., & Gedik, N.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gedik, Nuh
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Physics
- Published
- 2017-05-29
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 842-847
- ISSN
- 1745-2473 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-2481
- OpenAlex
- W2611491770
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 18.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Physics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1419807)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, DEFG0208ER46521, DESC0001088, DEFG0203ER46076, FG02-08ER46521, FG02-03ER46076)
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF4540, GBMF4541)
- National Research Foundation (NRF-NRFF2013-03)
- Office of Science
- LSU College of Science
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Harvard University (DMR1419807)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2014CB239302, 2013CB921901)
- Office of Naval Research (FA9550)
- Division of Materials Research (DMR-14-19807, 14-19807)
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02, DE-FG02-08ER46521, DE-SC0001088)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-, FA9550-16, FA9550‐16‐1‐0382, -16-1-, FA9550-16-1)
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (DE-FG02-08ER46521)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Topological Materials and Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › 2D Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
- Keywords
- Weyl semimetals, photocurrent, circularly polarized light, mid-infrared, chiral anomaly, topological semimetals, Fermi arcs, topological number
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