Too Depressed to Swim or Too Afraid to Stop? A Reinterpretation of the Forced Swim Test as a Measure of Anxiety-Like Behavior
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Increases in escape behavior, hypothesized to reflect an antidepressant effect, may reflect instead an increase in anxiety.
“Moreover, increases in escape behavior, hypothesized to reflect an antidepressant effect, may reflect instead an increase in anxiety [55].”
From Prefrontal cortex and depression (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
Compounds that produce acute behavioral effects in a forced-swim or tail-suspension test may not translate to meaningful therapeutics when administered chronically.
“Compounds that produce acute behavioral effects in a forced-swim or tail-suspension test (i.e., increase struggling time) may not translate to meaningful therapeutics when administered chronically”
From The molecular and cellular mechanisms of depression: a focus on reward circuitry (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
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References 13 · Cited by 109
- Authors
- Anyan, J., & Amir, S.
- Affiliations
- Concordia University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Amir, Shimon
- ORCID
- Amir, Shimon
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2017-10-31
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 931-933
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC5854810
- OpenAlex
- W2771639970
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 4.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (42458_1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- forced swim test, depression-like behavior, anxiety-like behavior, immobility, escape behavior, coping strategies, learned helplessness, animal models of depression, comorbid depression and anxiety, gene targeting, pharmacological manipulation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Anxiety, Depression, Fear, Swimming
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