How much do clinical trials cost?
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
One study estimated the median cost for each phase 3 industry funded trial to be $21.4m (£16.9m; €20.5m), with substantial variation.
“One study estimated the median cost for each phase 3 industry funded trial to be $21.4m (£16.9m; €20.5m),103 with substantial variation.”
From SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials (2025) · cites this paper as [103]
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
Cited by 262
- Authors
- Martin, L., Hutchens, M., Hawkins, C., & Radnov, A.
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Linda
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
- Published
- 2017-05-19
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 381-382
- ISSN
- 1474-1776 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1784
- OpenAlex
- W2615117870
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 6
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- clinical trial costs, cost drivers, benchmarking, pharmaceutical industry, cost analysis
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Drug Industry, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Drug Design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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