The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What's wrong with our cancer models?
Abstract
Oncology, as a therapeutic area, is characterized by a desperate medical need for new drugs; the use of drugs that kill cells and which are consequently often toxic; and rates of failure in expensive Phase III trials that eclipse many other disease areas. The poor performance of most investigational cancer drugs implies that the standard preclinical disease models are faulty or, at least, improperly used. Some studies, however, support the view that cancer models can be highly effective, but only when selected and interpreted with care.
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“Together, this disconnect between conventional monolayer models and the complexity of the in vivo tumor environment contributes to the high rate of failure observed during the transition from preclinical studies to clinical development [11,12,13].”
From Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Citations
Cites
Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates?
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Imatinib as a Paradigm of Targeted Therapies
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Self-citationFLT3 tyrosine kinase as a target in acute leukemias
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Cited by
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Why has therapy development for dementia failed in the last two decades?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kamb, A.
- Corresponding author
- Kamb, Alexander
- ORCID
- Kamb, Alexander
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-165
- ISSN
- 1474-1776 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1784
- OpenAlex
- W1579189600
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Oncology Research
- Keywords
- animal models of cancer, anticancer drug development, drug toxicity, phase III trial failure, model selection, translational oncology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Humans, Neoplasms, Treatment Failure, Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
