The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 121 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validating, augmenting and refining genome-wide association signals
Open accessAbstract
Studies using genome-wide platforms have yielded an unprecedented number of promising signals of association between genomic variants and human traits. This Review addresses the steps required to validate, augment and refine such signals to identify underlying causal variants for well-defined phenotypes. These steps include: large-scale exact replication across both similar and diverse populations; fine mapping and resequencing; determination of the most informative markers and multiple independent informative loci; incorporation of functional information; and improved phenotype mapping of the implicated genetic effects. Even in cases for which replication proves that an effect exists, confident localization of the causal variant often remains elusive.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A., & Reich, D. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1847 · Cited by 10,248
Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Management Committee, Burton, P. R., Clayton, D. G., Cardon, L. R., Craddock, N., Deloukas, P., Duncanson, A., Kwiatkowski, D. P., McCarthy, M. I., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05911 · Cited by 9,442
A haplotype map of the human genome
The International HapMap Consortium (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04226 · Cited by 5,858
Frayling, T. M., Timpson, N. J., Weedon, M. N., Zeggini, E., Freathy, R. M., Lindgren, C. M., Perry, J. R. B., Elliott, K. S., Lango, H., Rayner, N. W., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1141634 · Cited by 4,531
A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
The International HapMap Consortium (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06258 · Cited by 4,438
A Comparison of Bayesian Methods for Haplotype Reconstruction from Population Genotype Data
Stephens, M., & Donnelly, P. (2003) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/379378 · Cited by 3,513
Goh, K.-I., Cusick, M. E., Valle, D., Childs, B., Vidal, M., & Barabási, A.-L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701361104 · Cited by 3,242
Browning, S. R., & Browning, B. L. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/521987 · Cited by 3,210
Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges
McCarthy, M. I., Abecasis, G. R., Cardon, L. R., Goldstein, D. B., Little, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2344 · Cited by 2,891
Self-citationA new multipoint method for genome-wide association studies by imputation of genotypes
Marchini, J., Howie, B., Myers, S., McVean, G., & Donnelly, P. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2088 · Cited by 2,609
Cited by
Genomewide Association Studies and Assessment of the Risk of Disease
Manolio, T. A. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0905980 · Cited by 1,512
Forstmeier, W., & Schielzeth, H. (2011) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-010-1038-5 · Cited by 1,120
Pleiotropy in complex traits: challenges and strategies
Solovieff, N., Cotsapas, C., Lee, P. H., Purcell, S. M., & Smoller, J. W. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3461 · Cited by 1,085
The Genetics of Alzheimer Disease: Back to the Future
Bertram, L., Lill, C. M., & Tanzi, R. E. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.10.013 · Cited by 834
Meta-analysis and imputation refines the association of 15q25 with smoking quantity
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Liu, J. Z., Tozzi, F., Waterworth, D. M., Pillai, S. G., Muglia, P., Middleton, L., Berrettini, W., Knouff, C. W., Yuan, X., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.572 · Cited by 614
Metadata
- Authors
- Ioannidis, J. P. A., Thomas, G., & Daly, M. J.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Genetics
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 318-329
- ISSN
- 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0064
- OpenAlex
- W2069971071
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 121
- FWCI
- 4.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Validating, augmenting and refining genome-wide association signals. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nrg2544
- The paper
- Ioannidis, J. P. A., Thomas, G., & Daly, M. J. (2009). Validating, augmenting and refining genome-wide association signals. Nature Reviews Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2544
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.