Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity
Open accessAbstract
The microbiota - the collection of microorganisms that live within and on all mammals - provides crucial signals for the development and function of the immune system. Increased availability of technologies that profile microbial communities is facilitating the entry of many immunologists into the evolving field of host-microbiota studies. The microbial communities, their metabolites and components are not only necessary for immune homeostasis, they also influence the susceptibility of the host to many immune-mediated diseases and disorders. In this Review, we discuss technological and computational approaches for investigating the microbiome, as well as recent advances in our understanding of host immunity and microbial mutualism with a focus on specific microbial metabolites, bacterial components and the immune system.
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The gut microbiota influences the relative populations, migration, and function of various subsets of immune cells including Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells, mononuclear phagocytes and innate lymphoid cells.
“The gut microbiota influences the relative populations, migration, and function of various subsets of immune cells including Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells, mononuclear phagocytes and innate lymphoid cells (Dorrestein et al., 2014;Rooks and Garrett, 2016)”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Rooks and Garrett, 2016
The Short-chain fatty acids section reports changes in regulatory T-cell numbers and function, and the AHR ligands section describes effects on innate lymphoid cells. The paper also discusses dendritic cells, but our copy does not establish the claimed effects on migration and relative populations across all the listed immune-cell subsets; migratory capacity appears in the title of a cited study in the References. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAltered gut microbiota can lead to immune system modulation resulting in neuroinflammation.
“Furthermore, altered gut microbiota can lead to immune system modulation resulting in neuroinflammation [92].”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [92]
SCFAs produced by intestinal microorganisms can enhance the epithelial barrier function.
“short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by intestinal microorganisms can enhance the epithelial barrier function”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
SCFAs produced by intestinal microorganisms can reach other organs, act on antigen-presenting cells, and reduce inflammation in related diseases.
“and reach other organs, acting on antigen-presenting cells, and reducing inflammation in related diseases [5].”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
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References 126 · Cited by 3,409
- Authors
- Rooks, M. G., & Garrett, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garrett, Wendy S.
- ORCID
- Garrett, Wendy S.
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Immunology
- Published
- 2016-05-27
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 341-352
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- PMC
- PMC5541232
- OpenAlex
- W2398894736
- Cited by
- 3,409
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 365 · 2025: 443 · 2024: 420 · 2023: 450 · 2022: 403 · 2021: 429 · 2020: 360 · 2019: 206 · 2018: 171 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 16.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA154426)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, host-microbiota interactions, microbial metabolites, immune system development, immune homeostasis, immune-mediated diseases, microbial mutualism, bacterial components
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Fatty Acids, Homeostasis, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Symbiosis, Receptors, Pattern Recognition, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Metagenome, Metagenomics, Immunomodulation, Microbiota
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